Developing nursing standards of practice Essay

These are the process for the developing nursing standards of practice Standard 1: Assessment: The registered nurse collects comprehensive data about patient’s health. Standard 2: Diagnoses: The registered nurses analyze the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or the issues. Standard 3: Outcome identification: The registered nurse identifies the expected outcomes for the patient’s plan of care. Standard 4: Planning: The registered nurse develops the plan that authorizes strategies and a way to obtain the outcomes. Standard 5: Implementation: The registered nurse implements the identified plan. Standard 5A: Coordination of care: The registered nurse coordinates care delivery. Standard 5C: Consultation: The registered nurse provide consultation to control the identified plan and effect change. Standard 5D: Prescriptive authority and power: The registered nurse uses rigid authority, procedures, treatments, and therapy in accordance with state an federal laws and regulations. Standard 6: Evaluation: The registered nurse evaluates progress towards fulfillment of outcomes. Different entities that might be involved in developing the standard practice. American Nurses Association members are the first link in developing sources (American Nurses Association, 2014). The Department of Health Scope of Practice might be involved in the development of standards (â€Å"Scope of Practice,† 2014). State boards of nursing develop standards of  care at the state level and enforce those standards. The American Nurse Credentialing Center (ANCC) work on the national level. Professional specialty nursing organizations, Educational institution, state boards of nursing and other government agencies develop standards of care. The American nurses Association and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JACHO) recognized standards of care. Federal and state laws, rules and regulation and other professional agencies/organizations help define standards of practice. The ANA and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization (JCAHO) established nationally recognized standards of care. References American Nurses Association: Professional Standards (2014). Retrieved from http://nursingworld.ord/nursingstandards Scope of practice decision tree (2011). Retrieved from http://www.doh.wa.gov

Death Penalty Abolishment Essay

In today’s world, money is a source for mostly everything. It is what keeps food on the table and what keeps most people going to work. With how hard people work to earn and maintain an income, it would be nice to know where the money taken in taxes goes. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (2014), the United States spent 50 billion dollars on the Department of Corrections. 35% of that total was used for capital punishment cases, which totals out to 17.5 billion dollars used in one year towards capital punishment in the United States. A large portion of those funds being used are coming from state and federal taxes collected from hard working U.S. citizens. That 17.5 billion dollars could be used for much better things then court cases. State legislatures still allowing the death penalty need to abolish the practice period to lower state taxes, fix prison structures, and help redirect funds to better locations. The complete abolishment of capital punishment would be a large driving force to lower state taxes. According to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the average state tax for middle class families or individuals is 9%. (2014). Using California as an example, out of that 9%, 3% goes to the states Department of Corrections. Out of that 3%, 2% of that is fed into public defenders, court room hearings and cases, extra security for death row inmates, as well as their food, living quarters, and special transportation. That is a lot of costly measures for a single person when you look at numbers. In regards to where the rest of those taxes goes, .5% goes to public safety, .25% goes towards state education services, and 1% goes towards public transportation (California Board of Equalization, 2014). If the state continues to use executions as a method of punishment, the percentage going towards corrections will only rise. If it continues to rise, either taxes will go up or the state will have to pull from education, emergency responders, and public transportation. If you look at the state of Michigan, who did abolish capital punishment, income tax is a little different. According to Michigan’s Department of Treasury (2014), the income tax is 7% for middle class families and individuals. Of that already lower 7%, only 1.55% goes towards the state’s Department of Corrections, with .75% going towards education and .75% going towards public safety. Taxes will always be there  and likely b e somewhat high but the states without capital punishment generally have a lower rate with better allocation of the funds. Capital punishment is creating an atmosphere of higher costs all around, which have to come from somewhere. Current prison structures are taking a large hit due to capital punishment that usually goes unseen. Unfortunately it takes a major issue such as a prison guard’s death to point out the prison structure issues. The average guard to inmate ratio varies from state to state. In the best conditions the guard to inmate ratio will be 1:5, in worse case situations, some states are currently 1:20. Whereas some states require a minimum of 1:1 guard to inmate ratio for death row inmates (Mitchell, 2012). Those guards are being paid next to nothing compared to the costs taking place around them. Taking a look at what it costs to maintain a prison can be staggering. It costs an average of about $47,000 per year to incarcerate an inmate in prison in California (Edwards, 2009). That number skyrockets for a death row inmate. California taxpayers pay $90,000 more per death row prisoner each year than on prisoners in regular confinement (Mitchell, 2012). With just over 3,000 people on death row, that places a yearly $270,000,000 extra that has to be placed on death row inmates. That extra money is needed for the court hearings, extra security, singled out specific cells, and an entire area of a prison just for them. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the average time someone spends on death row is 14 years (2011). If you take the 14 year average, each death row inmate is costing their state roughly $1,260,000 prior to execution. If the total amount of death row inmates is taken into account, it is costing the nation’s tax payers roughly 3.78 billion dollars over the course of 14 years to follow through with the â€Å"quick fix† to murderers. Those funds could help restructure the prisons, creating a safer environment for the guards to be in. According to Ron McAndrew (2014), a former state prison warden, â€Å"Guards are never in a fair game situation, they are trained to be outnumbered, which is a horrible thing to think about, we are hiring them and placing them in that kind of situation because we do not have a choice.† Removing capital punishment allows for the removal of death row. If death row is removed, it would allow all those extra security measures and guards to be used for general population and overall prison security. With all the money being spent on capital punishment related issues, the complete abolishment  of it would allow states to place that money where it would greatly help. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United States ranks 33 in reading, 27 in math, and 22 in science amongst the rest of the countries in the world (2011). Imagine what some of that money being used for capital punishment could do for the United States as a whole when put into education. A portion of the extra money could potentially be put towards emergency responder services. Those funds could cause faster response times, better equipment, and better and more frequently trained personnel. As a whole that could potentially save lives. Another area that would better tremendously due to the relocation of funds is medical facilities. Most medical facilities in the United States are always understaffed, underpaid, and have issues maintaining. Lives could potentially be lost due to slow response times or understaffed hospitals (Sarat, 2009). The funds could go towards providing better public transportation or for some states, providing it p eriod. That money could also clean up streets, provide better roadways, and overall safer environments on roads. It could even be used to provide more jobs for a state or not be used at all and go back into the taxpayer’s pocket. Any of those options are far better than spending millions of dollars to â€Å"dispose† of a violent criminal. Just allow him to live his life out in prison. When you simplify all of the statistics and information, it comes down to a substantial amount of money being pushed into capital punishment that comes out of the taxpayer’s pocket and goes into an unnecessary location. Even though more and more states are slowly abolishing the death penalty it is still staggering how much it is costing the country as a whole. That money could do so much more for those affected states and the state services they provide to the public. So if state legislatures abolish the death penalty, it could lower state taxes, help correct issues in prison structures and help redirect funds to where they are needed. References Mitchell, P. (2008, June). Death Penalty Debacle. Retrieved August 15, 2014, from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/LoyolaCalifCosts.pdf Edwards, A. (2009, February). Annual Cost to Incarcerate. In Criminal Justice and Judiciary. Retrieved August 16, 2014, from http://www.lao.ca.gov/PolicyAreas/CJ/6_cj_inmatecost Snell, T. (2014, May). Capital Punishment Statistical Tables. In Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved August 17, 2014, from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/cp12st.pdf Sarat, A. (2008). Is the Death Penalty Dying?. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Horton, J. E. (2014, January). Detailed Description of the Sales & Use Tax Rate. In California State Board of Equalization. Retrieved September 1, 2014, from http://www.boe.ca.gov/news/sp111500att.htm White, G. (2014, January). Michigan Equalization Information 2014. In Michigan Department of Treasury. Retrieved September 2, 2014, from http://www.michigan.gov/taxes/0,4676,7-238-43535_43537-154825–,00.html McAndrew, R. (2014, October 23) From Executioner to Advocate – Ron McAndrew Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_Ld9ffm_pY

Health and sefty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health and sefty - Essay Example Naturally large number of skilled and unskilled manpower is engaged for successful completion of these projects. It has been observed with concern that large number of accidents of different types and intensities frequently occurs during different construction activities causing personal injury or property damage. Blake defines accident ‘as any assurance that interrupts or interferes with the orderly progress of the project’. The accidents are direct result of unsafe activities and conditions both of which can be controlled by health and safety management. Unsafe activities involve working without authority, failure to warn of danger, leaving equipment in dangerous condition, using defective equipment etc. Unsafe conditions involve inadequate or missing guard, defective tools and machinery, inadequate fire fighting, excessive noise etc. An accident prevention programme is aimed to reduce the number of accidents and there by the cost of construction. From the observation and analysis it has been seen that 85 to 95% of accidents are prevent able. It is not just a matter of setting up a list of rules and making safety inspection, although both of these have their place. We need a system for managing health and safety which meets the needs of project and fulfills legal requirements. Objectives of Health and Safety Management. The perceived objectives of the health and safety management for accident prevention are as under:- 1. To reduce the chances of loss of human life. 2. To reduce the temporary and permanent injuries to work force employed. 3. To avoid adoption of unsafe practices during all phases/ activities. 4. To avoid loss of materials resulting from accidents. Project Identification. A ware house was constructed for the storage of chemicals. The project involves design, excavation for basement, digging of foundations, scaffolding and form work for roof slab. The project was completed in six months and we will discuss the health and safety issu es along with risk management during all activities. Considerations and Decisions of the Architect/Designer. At the onset of design stage or planning to begin work, a comprehensive health and safety plan for the project should be formalized and set out in a health and safety plan.  Following are the salient aspects need to be addressed by the designer. 1. The project should be well designed and meeting standard engineering and environmental requirement of the area by the competent designers. 2. Principles of structural design along with standard code practices are adhered while designing with minimum risk. 3. Waste management for the debris likely to encounter during construction must be worked out in design stage. 4. Environmental factors like wind, cold, snow and rain should be considered while designing the structure. 5. Adequate fire arrangement in design should be incorporated. 6. Cross checking of design by an independent party. 7. Design must ensure safety during constructi on and maintenance afterwards. Hazard Identification. These are danger or potential danger likely to occur during any phase of project. The Maximum hazard identification levels were found to be 0.899 (89.9%) for a construction project within the nuclear industry. Investigation into hazard identification levels have been initially targeted on three different industry sectors i.e. UK rail, nuclear, and general construction. Likely hazard during identified project are

National Public Health Performance Standards Essay

National Public Health Performance Standards - Essay Example Among the 10 essential services that are offered to the patients, Essential Service 3 requires that the public health providers Inform, Educate and Empower People about Health Issues (CDC, 2013). Under this essential service, several standards have been developed, to ensure that the service providers consistently maintain high quality services and maintain the effectiveness of their systems. The Local Public Health System Performance Assessment for Essential Service3: Inform, Educate and Empower People about Health Issues, operate on the basis of several standards. The first standard is the design of health education, health information and health promotion activities to reduce health risks and promote good health (Institute of Medicine, 2013). This is a very vital standard under the essential service s. The strength of this standard is the fact that; it helps to make the public aware of the health risks that could face them, educate them on how to avoid such risks through the educative promotional activities, and thus enhances the avoidance and prevention of the health risks from occurring, thus avoiding the inconveniences and the costs that would be involved in treating such health issues. The empowerment of the public to reduce the health risks is also essential, since it is the most viable way of addressing common ailments, which can easily be spread to a large numb er of people. By educating and informing the public regarding such risks, they avoid them in advance, and thus make it easy for the health system to address other health issues that are more complex and difficult to avoid (Kuhr,). Another standard designed under the Essential Service3: Inform, Educate and Empower People about Health Issues, is the health communication plans, which include media advocacy and social marketing (CDC, 2013). The strength associated with this strategy is that, it enhances the accessibility of health information and health education by

Stock Market Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stock Market Advice - Essay Example Efficient Market Hypothesis postulates that "only fundamental factors, such as profits or dividends ought to affect share prices" (Stock Market). But this is true only in an ideal situation - a perfect market - which is hardly the case. Over shorter periods, there are wide variations in stock prices on account of any number of reasons, some of which are not even technical in nature. The stock market is driven by investor confidence - and that is a matter of personal choice that cannot be predicted. The general mass of investors invests with a 'herd mentality'. Inexperienced players can rarely, if ever, 'time the market' and hence generally incur losses. Warren Buffet has said in his biography that, "...despite all this available information, [analysis, 'hot' tips, blogs etc], investors find it increasingly difficult to profit." He continues, "...Sometimes there appears to be no rhyme or reason to the market, only folly". The market crash of 1987, resulting in a 22.6 percent drop in t he Dow Jones Index, could not be traced to any specific cause, and is just one example of this 'folly'.Since timing appears to be the critical factor, it follows that one's holdings have to be monitored continuously. Non-performing assets have to be divested and new stocks acquired based on the intrinsic value of each stock arrived at after careful study and keeping in mind market sentiment. Investing in the stock market is not like investing in instrument offering fixed returns, where once the initial investment is made it does not have to be looked at again until its maturity. Some stocks may hardly show any movement, others may show steady appreciation, while others may have depreciated when it comes to selling them. Nevertheless, it is equally true that stocks as a general rule have almost always appreciated over the long term.

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Coursework - Essay Example The episode recaps are easier to understand, and are a more manageable size to study. However, they lack many details that are hard to find. For instance, in the Vietnam War episode, it might be easier to find information if there were tables or graphs of how many people on each side died, etc. The effects of some events, such as the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are not dealt with in enough depth to show how the people on the other side of the conflict suffered. The site could be improved with links to websites that cover the aftermath of the bombings as well as links to the aftermath of the Vietnam War. The site may also not quite convey the extent to which the Cold Wars potential for global nuclear annihilation gripped the lives of ordinary people, or the effects on generations who grew up believing there was likely no future to the world. Although, this is covered somewhat in the Cold War Memories section. The website would also be more interesting if it included more information on the Vietnam anti-war movement and the ways it was influential in changing the course of the nation. Likewise, an analysis of the effectiveness of nuclear disarmament efforts would be interesting. The most interesting parts of the website include the way that the causes of conflicts are given. It is easy to see what precipitated certain events, for instance, by studying the episodes in order, it is easy to see what events led to the Vietnam War. The interactive quizzes that test your Cold War knowledge, such as about culture of the time, are also interesting and fun. There are many facets to the impact of the Cold War on the United States. The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union compelled both countries to a space race; the U.S. was inspired to be the first to land on the moon, and the U.S. space program received great support that it may not have otherwise. The Cold War also fueled a nuclear weapons arms race

English - Huckleberry Finn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English - Huckleberry Finn - Research Paper Example Huck outcome of his adventures is he finally owns a lot of money which he puts in the bank for safety purposes. Huck used to live with a widow called Miss Watson who was a kind but oppressive woman. They were staying together with Miss Watson sister after he was adoption (Twain 109). The start of the book depicts Huck sadness with the new life after his adoption. The level of cleanliness, mannerisms, attendance of both school and the church, does not thrill him. However, he perseveres after his friend challenges him to stay respectable if he wants to join Tom new gang. Huck lives a comfortable life until the reemergence of his drunken father who surfaces in town and claims a share of Huck money. The neighboring judge ,but a new judge who comes to their town believes in Hucks biological fathers’ right and goes to an extent of accommodating him in his home with a view of reforming him. He does all these so as to give custodial rights to Huck father; the judge fails as Pap, Hucks father revert to his past unethical behavior. He stays in town for some months distressing his son as he has already learned reading and tolerance of the widow habit to transform him into a better person. Outraged by Pap’s behavior, the widow orders him to keep away from her residence. This results in Pap kidnapping Huck and puts him across the riverbanks in a small cabin. The father locks Huck in the cabin and goes to drink and thereafter beats him mercilessly when he comes back home drunk. Huck escapes after the confinement and aggressive daily beatings. He accomplishes to escape to freedom after slaughtering a pig and spreading blood in the cabin in the pretext of his death. He hid on a highland found at the heart of Mississippi river as he watches people from the town search for his corpse. He meets Jim, who is a slave of Miss Watson, a few days later on the island. He has chosen to escape listening to the widow conversation on her intention to sell her to another planta tion near the river. He is afraid of inhumane treatment in the other plantation and separation from his family. They join forces despite Huck conviction on the moral obligation of offering his help to a fugitive slave (Twain 145). During one of their camping expedition in the island, they come across a dead man with bullet shots. They find him inside a house on a raft as they try capturing it with an aim of looting the house. Jim prohibits Huck from having a glimpse of the face of the dead man. They are forced to move out of the island after Hucks gets information that another man suspects that Jim stays in the highland. The man justifies his statement by stressing the smoke that emanates from the island. They proceed to the states that condone slavery up the river. On their way to St. Loise, they come into contact with robbers on a ruined steamboat. They finally escape with the thieves’ loot. One night, both Huck and Jim, meet a group of young men in search of fugitive slave s. Huck lie to the group by informing them that his father is suffering in the raft infected with small pox. The men offer Huck money and disappear as they are afraid of the infectious disease. Their raft is hit by a steam boat, and the two of them are alienated. He finds himself in Grangerford’s family. The elopement of a Grangerford daughter elopes with Shepherdson son resulting to a gun cross fire that leads to the murder of numerous

Measuring student attitudes ....ect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Measuring student attitudes ....ect - Essay Example However, it is more efficient for instructors to have a clear idea about students’ backgrounds, conceptions, misconceptions and attitudes toward Statistics. Another issue is that some students come from different colleges and they do not have enough knowledge about statistics. Measuring student attitudes towards introductory statistics course for non- specialist gives us a good idea about how we can develop their statistical conception and achievement. A lot of studies exploring and investigating the relationship between attitudes toward statistics and achievements have been carried out and some of them involve Wise (1985), Katz &Tomazic (1988), Toto (1992). However, there has not been enough research to address the issue of conception and misconceptions in statistics (Garfield &Alhgren, 1988; Mevarech, 1988; Lasser, 1994; Barkley, 1995). For instance, Barkley (1995) points that understanding and correcting students’ misconceptions in statistics, would help statistics’ instructors to decide the best corrective activity to eliminate misconceptions. Apart from the studies that have been carried related to the research area, there has not been enough research to address the issue of conception and misconceptions in statistics (Garfield &Alhgren, 1988; Mevarech, 1988; Lasser, 1994; Barkley, 1995). Also, there is lack of research about measuring student attitudes, conceptions and achievements towards statistic course for non statistician students in Saudi Arabia. The researcher will use the questionnaire as the first method to collect data from non-specialist students who have studied the introductory undergraduate statistics course in different colleges of the universities. The second method interview, will be used to gather data from the teachers who teach introductory undergraduate statistics course in these colleges. This study will be carried in the northern

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay Example for Free

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay The historical emergence of Europeans during the 17th century was synonymous to providing fundamental influence to the American- Indian and especially the New England. This was evidence of the religious rejuvenation that went across to these cultures as affected by the Europeans. Historically, the early European missionaries brought quite a broad diversity of activity in the eastern parts of North America as at 17th century. However, New England was perhaps the central point with which such influence was mostly affected. This was from the long activity of religious autonomy campaign by the European with the Puritans who wanted to make a win to the Massachusetts, Wampanoags, the Nipmucks, and also the New France. Elsewhere, the Jesuits were in their dreary efforts of making a conversion to the nation of Huron. From the encounters of evaluation promulgated from these two races of religious encounters, it is passively implied that the European missionaries had a substantial colonial influence and expansion across the broad analysis of the European colony. This also led to an influential changes in the approach mechanism in which the Europeans through the French Jesuits as well as the English Puritans undertook to ignite religious influence in India. 1 Though the religious development triggered to the New England by the Europeans in the 17th century have largely been outspoken by many scholars, Bruce Trigger came in the 18th century to reshape the phenomenal dispensation as prototyped by many old scholars. This is from the new findings in the fundamental relationship between Jesuit-Huron in the Indians of the New England. Socio-economically, New England had its settlement based on primary societal independence and families who were middle farmers. They had an adherence to a radical state of nominal accreditation where their colonial autobiography was defined by the voluntaristic Puritanism to their conceptual purposes. Historically, the seventeenth century European missionaries are credited to the creation of the more Godly community for the American Indian in New England. This is exampled by the protestation by the militant European groups in the Europe which sensitized a harmonious state of living for the people with a call for one another’s Godly relationship and in pursuit of the nature laws. 1 However, the epochs of the people embracing Christianity was never a simple activity for the Indians who disagreed of the hefty Christianity exhortations by the European missionaries. However, their will to embracing Christianity would only be subject voted by the religious development into Christianity of such ordinary people within the Indians population in England. This culture was rigidly bound to the people and that 90% of the total population in Massachusetts were largely obliged to such exemplary life led by the ordinary settlers. However, from 1616-1619, Wampanoag Indians started providing radical changes to their religious autonomy to start giving into a greater depth of the Christianity philosophies and teachings brought by the Europeans. 2 The religious divine-ship of the American-Indians in the 17th century was credited to the worshipping of animals. However, the coming in of the European missionaries in the spread of Christianity was a benchmark in support for a revolution and the long held system of religious sacrifice by the people. The conception and religious importance held on animals as their gods also implies the benchmark and the stepping-stone for the start of King Philip War in the 17th century. To the American-Indians, animals were important source religious sanctity. Accordingly, the domestication of pigs and also cattle was a big historical malady in shaping the religious outcast and the believes of the Indians in the New England by the 17th century. The effect of these domesticated animals did not only provide change in environmental conception where the other animals were hunted and killed above been moved in the forests to provide a humble environment for the pigs and also cows to adequately graze. The religious conception of these people in New England before the Europeans intervention in the 17th century was defined in parametric measures of the domesticated animals. These animals brought exorbitant changes to the land and its resource environment. Elsewhere, they had a great religious impact where the people’s minds, hearts and also their behavior changed considerably with the effect of the broad array of the effect brought by animals. Animals had a long held spiritual endowment. They provided sanctification to the people when they consumed them. However, these were traditions whose effect was to readily be uprooted by the incoming of the Europeans. Â  The American-Indians in New England by 17th century had a description of Manitou for many animals such as foxes, deer, rabbits and the bears. New England had a great religious believe and adoration in which they described the nominal deities to even take the animal forms. They therefore had various adorns to various symbolic images by certain animals or even specific animal body part. Animals had a preferential significance of power and a brim of ornamental conception which netted the religious autonomy of the Indians in the New England in 17th century. In their folklores as well as Christian cosmologies, animals had a great figuration. For example, the Christ crucifixion blood was commemorated by the red breasts of the robin. Elsewhere, bad luck was signified by crows as well as black cats. Again, the disturbing portents to the death were implied by the ravens, owls and pigeons. A change in weather was fundamentally depicted by swallows, dogs and pigs. 3 The pre-emergence of the Europeans in New England therefore was a companionate imagery of a long implied perception which was in the nature proclaimed by animals. The regular interaction with the animals by the Americans Indians was therefore allied to developing fortunes of human expectations in the correspondence of the various behavioral conceptions that were in these animals. Due to the religious implication and relationship with animals by these people, they had a greater diversity of imminent relationship with the animals than on a divine being. This is perhaps the reason behind their short run rejection of the Christianity by the European missionaries in the 17th century. The emergence of these Europeans was preaching on the believe in a divine supernatural being who was only implied through mere religious believe and adoration. To them, a believe in such a being operating beyond the framework of the physical environment was only a mythological imagery and could not act to provide such a strong religious and godly foundation to what they had on animals. To the Europeans, a great transplantation of civilization echoed in New England. This was a formal compound of change in the speech formalities of the old word, religious and also politics. The nature of the New England is historically described as getting its fundamental shape from the influence of the old world shape by the Europeans. Through their implications, civilization and renaissance which was characterized by change in the religious, political and economic backgrounds was now changing to capture more coherent status of living in New England. The emergence of Europeans in the New England was a concise drive to reformation where the ties bound by the pilgrim colonial was now to be abandoned. This was the foremost trend which fostered great sigh of changing New England primitivism. It was the impact of the shaping tool of protestant revolution hinged to the old and native European revolters that entered the New England. 8 The fatal implications of the Europeans in the England were the revolutionary landmark of renaissance which saw various structures including religious and political autonomy. The surging Europeans in New England brought a great drive of religious awakening. They highly helped to break down the ties of the effect of colonization entrenched to many godly doctrines than a fundamental pursuit of economic autonomy. The so called the English Puritans were the injecting power in which the Indians got a favorable renaissance reshaping that even provided a better room for expansion into the broad old world’s system of identity. To the Europeans, waging spiritual life to the Indians in the New England was perhaps the most important go ahead step which was even to help see the state in a changing periphery. The intention of European missionary in New England was to transplant a divine worship system of Christianity which would capture various fundamental aspects such as praying, self studying as well as struggling against various remote evil inclinations to the society. The essence of evangelism to the American-Indians was to provide new grounds of spiritual conceptions on the God’s sovereignty in which it was seen as a tool for absconding the dogmatism fed to the traditional society of the medieval traditions. The essence of been a protestant was to move as per the codes of absolute standards and sovereignty as promulgated by the will of the God and not the dogmatic apprehension of false gods held by the Indians in worshipping animals. In a light spot, the religious awakening in believe of God among these people came into growth in the mid 1630’s. This was a revolution and renaissance adjudication which was perhaps rejuvenating the traditionalism and the religious backwardness operating within the societal structures of American Indians. Basically, the European Puritans had a lot of religious conceptions to pass over to the people. At the late 1930’s the New England old world’s conceptions were now changing with the people developing a mysterious imagery and preconception of the divine God. The people were developing an essence of humanity build on will of immanent God. There was a revolution adversity in believe of such a supernatural being which even led to changing structures of the societal imagery to incorporate to a greater depth a mysterious preoccupation and believe of a wonderful God. The teaching of the puritans about God was that He was compelled of love with a low preoccupation of vengeance as well as cruelty. The teachings by the European missionaries about God were standing to develop a fundamental strength. The American-Indians grasped the immanent sovereignty of such a God which gave them a special accord providence. The basic concept that would however draw them away from the will of such a divine God was the effects of sins which were the activities done by them and went against the will of this God. The emergence of Christianity in New England was however compounded by the influence of secular concerns. The people had precepts and contributions into farming home-building, governance, practicing folks as well as trading. With the new strength of absorbing a believe in God, humans contentment through Godly pleasure was now beginning to be a precious preoccupation amongst a diverse outlay of sources of pleasure. They turned to worshipping such vengeful God with deep characteristics of personal tenderness. With the changing believe and imageries on God, the people were starting to observe other structures such as economy and also state governance as facets proclaimed by the command and will of God. This engineered revolutionary autonomy in both civil as well as civil factors within the New England. Through this outlay, the Indians started to reshape their thinking about the conception on the God’s will for the state of governance and state leadership as shadowed to strong believers. From this new development in the societal conception, the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay had the establishment of a theocratic site for Puritans which would even help to strengthening the spread and development of Christianity within the community at a faster status. This was the first trading corporation held in England and whose administration was only alleged to specific personalities proclaimed of having a strong hood of religious authority. However in 1645, political crisis developed to subdivide the New England into two. Those who proclaimed the foundation of Christianity and those who did not. However, in a speech by Winthrop in 1645, the state religious believe was liberal and capturing two outlooks; the natural conception which was the state of the old believe of the natural god and the federal which was personal liberty of exercise his/her religious imageries. The natural liberty provided one’s choice on either well or even evil. Through this believe, one was to continue growing evil. However, the federal was a preconception aimed at creating honesty and good. 5 Analytically, the European Puritanism had two impacts of development in New England. These were both orthodoxy as well as nonconformity. The orthodoxy implication had its development throughout the whole 17th century which was a controversial development on the state of reformation to protestant. The nonconformity concept was alleged to the influence of religious development to the impact of preventing conscience liberty to think and do as people’s wishes. Generally, the emergence of the European Puritans in the New England was a crucial preoccupation which provided a yard for change in the social structures in England. The philosophical dogmatism held in the modalities of state leadership and governance, religion, economic standard was now given an important boost through the changes in the people’s conception about the divine relationship with God. Various philosophical theories of statements such as absolutism were now eroded. Accordingly, the state of governance in the state was modeled from the changing perceptions prototyped from the states of religious autonomy from the people. The New England was in a state of revolution with a model for social revolutions and compactness driving the society before outdoing the prehistoric sediments which were compounded mythologies about the state of the cosmos and the universe. Through the new gazing fundamental conceptions, the people were now developing new formalities of society governance where the society would engage in the broad governance as opposed to the role of absolutist king who dwelt in the control of the society. The state of the society was now beginning to reshape in the manner with which social contracts were now beginning in the development from their status of natural state of liberty as well as the regulation by the civil society. Therefore, European missionaries can be described as providing an elaborate tool for revolution, renaissance and changing social status in which the old world mythological conception of the society was getting a reawakening to newer and a more development conscious stakeholder-ship. The government and development structures of the New England are absolutely rooted to what Europeans did for it

Utilitarianism and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism and Happiness Essay Classical Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy, which was developed in 19th century England by Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick. The essential feature a utilitarian reside in, is the notion that an action is right if it produces the most amount of happiness well limiting suffering. Utilitarianism focuses solely on the consequences of the action, in an attempt to bring about the most happiness from each situation, well ensuring everybody’s happiness is equally considered. A utilitarian decides each action, by calculating the overall utility (good) that will results against the overall disutility (bad) that will result from a particular action. The action with the highest total net utility will be chosen. Within Utilitarianism there is a division between the conceptions of what is perceived as good; Hedonist Utilitarianism and Preference Utilitarianism. Classical utilitarians believe in Hedonist, were pleasure or happiness is perceives as the only intrinsic good. In modern society most utilitarians believe that the concept of good refers to preferences, and that individual preference satisfaction should be maximized for example artistic creation. There is a further division between utilitarians; Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Rule Utilitarianism, holds that one should always follow rules that tend to promote the general welfare of humans for example a rule might be not to killing people. Act Utilitarianism holds that one should always act to promote the general welfare. Utilitarianism is plausible firstly because general overall happiness is achieved for the greatest amount of people. Second, because of it simplicity it is easy to determine whether an action is moral or immoral. You simply have to calculate the total utility against the total disutility for each action, and chose the action that will result in the most happiness. Third, the majority of society uses Utilitarianism when they are confronted with daily decisions. For example in peak hour traffic the majority of drivers would let another driver change into their lane, because the other driver obviously needs to change lanes. The other driver is likely to gain more happiness from being let in than the potential unhappiness it will cause you by waiting a few extra second in traffic. Fourth, it is a simply way off living a moral life, were you do not necessary have to be religious to be moral in your decision-making. The strongest objection against Utilitarianism is that it cannot accommodate for moral considerations such as individuals rights and justice. This is because Utilitarianism only considers the consequence of an action. This objection is highlighted in a case concerning an innocent man whose was wrongfully convicted of a crime. In 1974, England, Gerry Conlon was falsely imprisoned, for the bombing of a pub in the town of Guilford, which killed five people. This case raises the issue that the consequences of an action should not be the only things considered when deciding which action to take. If a utilitarian was to view this case critics would argue that a utilitarian would have to conclude that even with, bad consequences resulting from convicting an innocent man, their would overall be more good consequences derived from the peace of mind gained from the loved one of the deceased, as well as the community of Guilford. Critics of Utilitarianism would argue that greater consequences would result in convicting the innocent man, therefore Utilitarianism is unable to regard the importance of justice, this philosophy must therefore be wrong. With the objection that Utilitarianism cannot accommodate for the importance of justice, a utilitarian would address this concern with the response that by choosing the action that results in the best consequences, justice will ultimately be protected. Justice will always be protected even if it is not a utilitarian ultimate purpose. In regards to Gerry Conlon case, a utilitarian would never choose to convict an innocent man of a crime he didn’t commit because, even if more happiness was achieved in the short run through this false conviction, in the long run more unhappiness is likely to result. In the long run the guilty man would be likely to bomb again or commit another crime, also if the liar was discovered then the situation would cause greater disutility than utility, and may result in the dispatch of the justice system, as-well as great upset for the deceased family members who thought the bomber had already been punished. Therefore even though Utilitarianism doesn’t accommodate the moral consideration of justice directly, greater utility will always be created from upholding the justice system. The other aspect of the objection address criticism that Utilitarianism doesn’t accommodating individuals rights, therefore critics believe Utilitarianism must be wrong. A utilitarian would argue that just because rights are not directly considered in relation to the consequences of an action, they do in-fact have some impact on the chosen action. With majority of the population getting happiness out of doing the right thing, rights are often protected through Utilitarianism. For the small minority of people that don’t experience unhappiness from disregarding human rights, the existence of the police force ensures human right are protected from these members of society. With human rights being protected under law, people rights will be upheld under Utilitarianism because there will always be a larger amount of disutility from violating the law than from the personal gains of a human right offender. For example the CEO and CFO of Tyco a New Jersey-based company stole $150 million and inflated Tyco incomes by $500 million, in doing so they violated the rights of investors. After the police discovered this fraud, the justice system penalized both, with a sentence of 8-25 years in prison with the addition of $2. 92 billion paid to Tyco Investors. Under Utilitarianism this case wouldn’t occur because the benefits of stealing this money would never outweigh the consequences that result from being caught for defrauding investors. Therefore even though rights are not considered in the consequence of an action, they have a strong connection with the chosen action. Word- 992Ã'Ž

Morrisons ASDA

Morrisons ASDA Comparative strategies employed by giant supermarkets in the UK- A critical comparative study Introduction: Morrisons ASDA are the 2 giant leading supermarkets in London. They obtained wide popularity with their products services in UK market. This perspective study will be focusing on the analytical review of the strategies adopted by them in the business process. It will intend to make comparison of their strategic norms in the business with in depth examination comparative analysis to arrive at the suitable conclusions recommendations for their regular business policies. Morrisons is the 4th largest supermarket chain in UK It is having 11.5% share of the grocery sector in UK It is established in 382 superstores serving around 10 million shoppers in a week. Its business strategy is customer oriented focusing on selling groceries at the lower prices. Its establishments dealing only in the large superstores. It does not offer its customers an online shopping service it has not yet arrived in the financial services market. ASDA is too one of the leading supermarket in London, it is a part of the Wal-Mart family. They committed to provide services to their customer in the bright welcome environment. They strategically aimed to offer excellent standard of the customer service based on the customer service programme giving the right staff training to fulfil the needs of the customers. Varieties of products of the different brands are offered by ASDA in their superstores to achieve the customer satisfaction. Research Questions: This academic study will be purely focusing on the market strategies adopted by the leading supermarkets in their business processes. On going for the analytical review following are some of the research questions raised in my mind 1] What is the area of the business development of Morrison ASDA in UK? 2] What are the strategies adopted by Morrison ASDA for the growth expansion of their business activity in UK? 3] What are the suitable, feasible acceptable tools for their strategic analysis comparison in the business? 4] What are the comparative advantages of their strategies, policies in the business in UK? Research has been undertaken with the directions of all the subjective analysis in depth. Literature Review: Central issue behind this study analysis will be to make analysis of the recent strategies adopted by both of these supermarkets for their business development in UK to suggest them further improvements for their expansion in the area of activity in UK based on the detailed study. Martin Headen his associates has done analytical study on this topic in Jan 2009 which is purely focused on the Market Development of the ASDA Morrison in comparative analysis. They clearly stated that â€Å"Morrison is the supreme dealer of groceries in an international market seeking their promotion of sales services throughout the world, It has derived its rank with their optimum capability face to face contracts in door presentation for achieving the customer satisfaction, they are having the boom technology in the business planning premises† In the technical analysis of ASDA business strategy it has been stated in their perspective study as â€Å" 15.6 % of the grocery market is controlle d by ASDA in UK ,it is only a supermarket based petrol retailer to react a Safeways promotion, it swiftly cut its prices 0.8p per litre† [Martin et.al,2009] In his opinions given by a retail analyst he stated that â€Å"Price can make customer switch temporarily to a competitor, but it is not enough to make them stay. If the price is the only factor grocery shoppers considered, then Aldi would win every time, yet the budget chain has a UK market share of just 1.7%† [Fredric,2008] It is showing that price comparison is an important factor pointed out in this research journal for making the comparison of the strategies adopted by the supermarkets. However, it is aiming to find out that only the price is not to be treated as the sole successor for the market analysis, even for the increasing level of quality of the product in the stores price is considered to be subsidiary with in the limit of the budgets of the customers. In many cases for purchasing of the qualitative products customer prefers to spend excess above the budget, it is therefore strategic aim of the supermarkets is not always price based rather it is quality based in the product development. In the studies done by Antony Marric in his research analysis in sept.2009 he had given focus on the sustainable marketing strategies of the business developments adopted by supermarkets in Uk.He had analysed the related factors coming in the background of the research towards the porters 5 forces as a business strategy tool. He focused on the buyers power, suppliers power, market rivalry, threat of new entrants entry barriers with their inter relative impacts on each othe r in the process of the strategic business development. In his literature he has written that the â€Å" Sustainable Marketing strategy is based on the four P,s which are Price,Product,Place,Promotion the four Es which are Economy,Ecology,Ethnology,Ethics.† [Antony,2009] Antonys study purely focused on the scientific marketing strategies of the supermarkets in their business developments. It has been studied from the perspective of the customer orientation as well as the seller orientation in the market analysis. Economy is related to the cost control in the business ,Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the business interactions between the business organisms their impact on their environment analysis, Ethnology is an analytical comparisons of the origins ,distribution,technology,language,religion with that the social structure of the ethnic ,racial national divisions of the humanity where as Ethics are the benchmarks of the standard, rational code of cond ucts of the business which can be helpful for the survival stability of the business in the Market. Especially in ASDA Morrison there are extensive researches developments in the products to absorb the new customers in the market† [Henry,2009] In his scientific analysis Henry precisely focused on the socio cultural influences of the people leaving in the society on the food retailing .Now there are changes in the quality of the food products in Uk,Desire of the exotic fruits, fish in the past trends has gone now changed in the healthier food in the attractive packages suitable in the environmental scanning. He focused on the developments in the 21st century about the customer appearances towards the acceptability of the food products so far it has been closely impacted on the strategy of the appearance of the saleable product of the supermarkets. He also focuses on the changing habits of the customers changing habits of the customers towards eating food in this trend of the new culture how the supermarkets responded to the consumer preferences to stabilise their activity in the market. â€Å" Every supermarket has its own implemented strategy ,ASDA is the lowest price offers the cheapest one among all the supermarkets in UK which is closely followed by the Morrison , However it is having different impacts on the consumer behaviour might be due to the brand identity of the products sold in the both supermarkets.† [Peter,2008] The norm of study of Peter clearly pre-screened towards the view of the strategic development of the supermarkets in UK,it is based on the price fixation of the products in the supermarkets its relative impact on the consumer preferences their psychology towards accepting the products. He also stresses on the brand identity of the products which are sold by the supermarkets. Methodology: Methods will be used for the proposed study, will be based on the pure analytical trend of the supermarkets strategy in their area of activity of the business. The process will be divided into 3 aspects of the research. The proposed study is giving importance to the systematic exploratory research based on the survey ,observations analytical review. The research will be prepared in the aiming at the perspective direction of the users towards the suitable, feasible acceptable planning decision-making. It is appropriate to choose the exploratory research to focus in depth on the competitive strategies of the supermarkets for their business development in the emergent market.Survey is important to guess the impact of the strategies developed applied by the supermarkets on the consumer behaviour,Analytical review is to pre-screening the implications of the strategic management of the supermarkets based on the responses given by the consumers. Data Gathering Primary data will be gathered with the regular visits in the supermarkets at the periodical intervals. Data will be collected with conducting the regular interviews of the working persons in the supermarkets about their policies strategies in the expansion of the business. Why do interviews with workers offer policy insights? Observations on the consumer preferences information about impacts of the business strategies adopted by the supermarkets will be gathered. Observations can be helpful to make analysis of the changes in the consumer behavioural patterns their buying behaviour towards the policies implemented by the supermarkets. Survey of the potential customers with getting replies from them through customers will be gathered to gather data about the consumer responses. Secondary data will be collected from the journals,brouchers,product magazines of the supermarkets. Secondary data will be collected to know about the average consumer opinion about the products services liv ing in a particular area.It can give the consumer preferences as per the living area,age group along with the trends in the market. Data Analysis Qualitative quantitative data will be analysed to arrive at the validate conclusions. Grounded theory will be used in the analytical comparisons of the supermarkets. For the statistical analysis of the quantitative measurements Statistical Package of Social Sciences [SPSS] will be used to make the perspective analysis of the gathered data. Data will be analysed in the Strenths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities Threats to study the potential norms of the strategies adopted by the supermarkets with their impact on the business policy developments. Strategic norms in the business can be assessed with clubbing of the advantageous disadvantageous factors along with the internal external factors in the business. Study will be analysed in the cause effect relationships of the facts circumstances of the business developmental strategy in the supermarkets. How the circumstances leading to or caused to the potential effects in the business will be perspective analysed in the cut throat com petition the comparative academics. Statistical Techniques of Mean,Mode,Median,Standard Deviation,Range,Chi-square test, Co-relation, integration will be used wherever necessary in the statistical strategic comparisons. Data Presentation: The structured data will be presented in charts, diagrams ,histograms, graphs to make precise focus of the study towards the analytical review desired topic to obtain readers attention towards the research study analysis. Statistical measurements will be presented in the bar charts to have an in depth focus on the result orientation of the study with the suitability for attention understandibility of the user. Conclusion: The determined research study is an analytical view of the comparison of the business strategies of the 2 leading giant supermarkets in London.ie ASDA Morrison etc. The study will give precise focus on the implementation of the strategic tools in their business processes for the comparative study. It will be pre-screening their norms of the business development in terms of the area of operations along with their ideas prospective for the growth expansion of their business activity in the competitive UK market. Along with the tools of the strategic analysis it will be focusing on the merits demerits of the recent strategies of supermarkets with their complementary impact on the consumer behaviour in the Market. Even quantitative analysis will be done through the help of the statistical measures to arrive at the efficient, effective realistic findings of the academic research work. References: 1] Martin et.al,(2009),Research in Supermarkets,7 th edition, Boycott 2]Misher,F.(2008),Price Discrimination in Supermarkets, Toronto books 3]Ganguly,A.(2009),Strategic Marketing in Supermarkets, Tools Analysis of Business Strategies, 3rd edition, Sudan county publishers. 4]Adorten,H.(2009),Business Development in Supermarkets,1st edition,Antop Hill (ISBN14567512) 5]Disuza,P.(2008), Rationals of the Business strategy,2nd edition,Waffer

Dangers of RU486 :: essays research papers

RU-486 is not the same as the â€Å"morning after† pill (postinor -2). RU-486 is the generic term for mifepristone, an artificial steroid that blocks progesterone, a vital nutrient hormone. It causes the vital nutrient lining of the mother’s uterus to disintegrate, and the embryo withers and dies. RU486 has had people under the illusion it is a inexpensive less traumatic option when compared to decide between it and surgery. However conversely, RU486 continues to shock people and destroy lives., it has been proven to be more traumatic and painful then surgical abortion. unfortunately users are not notified properly of these side effects and forced to bear the consequences. A great risk of psychological and physical side effects can result in the use of RU486, such as prolonged bleeding -which requires medical intervention. Women in rural communities have limited access to hospitals or general practises, and it is these woman, those who come from undeveloped, conserv ative countries who are most likely going to require these facilities. The great debate continues over RU486- the issue involving whether it should be available to Australian women. Mifepristone needs to be interpreted by the public as a dangerous and fatal drug, not as â€Å"easy† alternative. The media must publicise the potential side effects more effectively and destroy the perceptual set that Australians view RU486 to be. More then one million women worldwide have used RU486 to end their pregnancy. RU846 is effective from the fifth to the seventh week. Following the last menstrual period, with decreasing effectiveness up to the ninth week. Used alone, RU486 has an abortion rate of 60-80 percent. The convenience of swallowing one tablet to terminate a unwanted pregnancy may sound intriguing to a lot of women. This perception has devoured any subconscious thought in women’s minds concerning doubt or issues involved with using RU486. The sudden outbreak of this newly formulated drug has raised the issue of whether RU486 is the safer then surgical abortion. A common side effect is severe pain similar to that of a miscarriage, with over half of women requiring specific pain medication and one third requiring narcotics. Other side effects include nausea and dizziness, serious bacterial infection, sepsis, prolonged bleeding and even death. The side effects which develop as a result of taking RU486 are clearly much more severe then a general surgical abortion. The statistics continue to prove mifepristone as a dangerous alternative to surgical abortion.

Americas First Black President Essay -- Obama, racism, American Presi

For many years, American Presidents were viewed as being white and powerful leaders. Why were they only white? Is it because Americans felt Blacks were not smart enough to run a country on their own? African Americans were viewed as less dominate people and have been discriminated because of the color of their skin. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States making him the first black president ever. In this paper, I will discuss how Barack makes a change and if America can accept him as our first black president. Barack Hussein Obama was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu Hawaii. He is of mixed parentage: his father, a black African born in Kenya, while his mother, a white American that came from Kansas. When he was six years old his parents divorced and his mother married an Indonesian oil manager. They moved to Indonesia where Obama was educated in a Roman Catholic School. He then returned back to Hawaii to continue school while living with his grandparents. Barack struggled with his own racial identity in his late teens. (Funk & Wagnalls) Barack received a bachelor’s degree from Columbia University and then worked as a community organizer on the South Side of Chicago. This helped him gain a lot of confidence and responsibility. He had many plans and goals to make the community better. He achieved his goals and this was just the beginning of a successful path in his life. He decided to attend Harvard Law School, which helped him bring change for himself, his family, and especially to his community. Also in that school he also gained the knowledge and power of becoming a leader that he wanted to become. In 2008, Barack Obama was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. I... ..., infrastructure investments, and direct aid to hard, pressed states and cities. He says all of his goals to fix America would take just one term, it may take two terms, so change would slowly and done right. Today, Obama is handling all of what he is expected and promised to do. He’s our first African- American president that is very cool and down to earth. He had the same type of problems any American had and had some struggles while growing up to . Obama is also very educated and determined to do what is right as our leader. In conclusion, I do believe that America can accept its first black president because we have proof to show it. He has done so much to become who he is today and he showed us that he wasn’t going to let anyone stop him. America can accept him because he’s young , fresh, full of new brilliant ideas, down to earth and he’s all about change. America's First Black President Essay -- Obama, racism, American Presi For many years, American Presidents were viewed as being white and powerful leaders. Why were they only white? Is it because Americans felt Blacks were not smart enough to run a country on their own? African Americans were viewed as less dominate people and have been discriminated because of the color of their skin. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected President of the United States making him the first black president ever. In this paper, I will discuss how Barack makes a change and if America can accept him as our first black president. Barack Hussein Obama was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu Hawaii. He is of mixed parentage: his father, a black African born in Kenya, while his mother, a white American that came from Kansas. When he was six years old his parents divorced and his mother married an Indonesian oil manager. They moved to Indonesia where Obama was educated in a Roman Catholic School. He then returned back to Hawaii to continue school while living with his grandparents. Barack struggled with his own racial identity in his late teens. (Funk & Wagnalls) Barack received a bachelor’s degree from Columbia University and then worked as a community organizer on the South Side of Chicago. This helped him gain a lot of confidence and responsibility. He had many plans and goals to make the community better. He achieved his goals and this was just the beginning of a successful path in his life. He decided to attend Harvard Law School, which helped him bring change for himself, his family, and especially to his community. Also in that school he also gained the knowledge and power of becoming a leader that he wanted to become. In 2008, Barack Obama was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. I... ..., infrastructure investments, and direct aid to hard, pressed states and cities. He says all of his goals to fix America would take just one term, it may take two terms, so change would slowly and done right. Today, Obama is handling all of what he is expected and promised to do. He’s our first African- American president that is very cool and down to earth. He had the same type of problems any American had and had some struggles while growing up to . Obama is also very educated and determined to do what is right as our leader. In conclusion, I do believe that America can accept its first black president because we have proof to show it. He has done so much to become who he is today and he showed us that he wasn’t going to let anyone stop him. America can accept him because he’s young , fresh, full of new brilliant ideas, down to earth and he’s all about change.

History Museum Visit Essay

Located on the coast of southern California is the city of La Jolla. Now home to almost 40,000 people, this city shares its own historical story from the past one hundred and fifty years through a series of presentations located within three historical structures. These three structures include, The Westeria Cottage, Carriage House and the Current Headquarters. Each structure contributes its portion in putting together the La Jolla’s Historical Society. Currently, the structures are featuring, Home front La Jolla : An American Community during World War 11. The series includes multiple rooms dedicated to different parts in history, along with the different aspects going on during the war. Each room featured many photographs, artifacts and personal stories to exploit the hardship of these times in our history. Many of these items were either donated or loaned by the Veterans Museum in Balboa Park and the Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego. While researching for museums, early in February I came across the main website for these historical sites. It caught my eye because I knew that this exhibit would cast a different kind of perspective than other grand museums. There are a ton of histories on World War II, but there are very few on the home front experience. The La Jolla Historical Society presents a perspective from its society, and shares multiple personal oral stories from its own residents who lived through the war or their surviving relatives, which I found fascinating. It is catered specifically to the effects of World War II on La Jollians. The oral stories provided by this exhibit are not only about what these residents remember about World War II, but also an intake of what life was like beyond that. I viewed this as a much different approach, but was very excited to begin my experience because I knew it would be something new. On April 7th, 2012, I took the opportunity to travel down to La Jolla and visit the museum. The museum is open Thursday-Sunday, Noon to four PM and does not have a fee at all. I was also fortunate to be able to attend on a day where there was a given lecture at five PM, giving me enough time to grab an early dinner before returning again. The lecture, Science & Technology on the Home front, was covered by an oceanographer and U.S Army veteran Walter Munk. He discussed the scientific innovations sparked by the needs of the war effort precipitating a boom in the fields of marine sciences and aeronautics. Entering the museum, I was introduced into a grand room that was divided up by glass cylinders, and it also offered entrances to many other rooms. Initially where you begin the journey, the right wall played an introduction role. It began with the year of 1894, displaying numerous photographs creating an idea of how life was like in La Jolla at the time. â€Å"Everyone knew everyone† quoted by Maurice Bonny was stated at the top of the wall. Photographs included vacation sports such as the La Jolla Caves, as well as the role of the newly invented Trains and Trolleys played and daily lifestyle activities such as golfing and beachside activities. Continuing along, stood in front of me a large wall with a devastating photograph of the explosives on December 7th, 1941. Underneath was the original copy of the U.S Navy Communication Service from that given day, along with an article written the following day by John MaxConnel. This portion of the exhibit also feautured my first chosen artifact, a scrapbook. The oral history of a World War II veteran, Don Shutte, was done by a La Jolla High School student named Ana Ofresky, especially for this exhibit. Don Schutte donated a scrapbook of artifacts of things throughout his experience. It contained images, personal sketches and official documents, including the telegram the Department of War sent to his parents notifying them of his status as missing in action and a POW identification card he was given by the German Army upon his capture and imprisonment during the Battle of Bulge, on December 16, 1944. The final page of the scrapbook contains a letter he wrote to himself on Dec. 2, 1945, stating: â€Å"Hello there, great to be a civilian, isn’t it?† I found this a significant artifact because it told a story of just one man involved in the war in a very unique way. The documents inside this scrapbook were all original and of items I had never se en before. On the opposite side of the room was a large wall which featured certain camps that La Jolla was hosting at the time. These camps included Camp Callan, Camp Mathews and a military base in Bird Rock. Camp Calvin B. Mathews, also known as Marine Corps. Rifle Range was a military base from 1917 to 1964. It was used as a marksmanship training facility for Marine recruits being trained at Marine Corps Recruit. It was issued a rifle base but not until 1923. The base was then constructed to what is now UCSD. Camp Callen was a United States Army anti-aircraft artillery replacement training center that was operational during the time of war but was shut down right after World War II had ended. Lastly, there was another Naval Anti- Aircraft Training Center at Bird Rock, or Pacific Beach. This was a site where sailors would take a six-day course on anti-aircraft artillery. It was opened from 1942 to 1945 and trained about 300,000 sailors to shoot down aircrafts. In a separate and very small room, was a Japanese American side and point of view during the war. It was set up to look like what s room at the internment camps looked like. â€Å"Most Japanese were interned in 10 camps in remote areas of seven western states. No claim of humane intent could change the reality-these were concentration camps. (pg. 736). The room only included a bed and a suitcase which included bedding, a book and one outfit. On the largest wall was a map that displayed the location of all of the internment camps in the U.S and a copy of a poster of instructions for the Japanese living in these rooms. â€Å"Local newspapers there expressed confidence in the loyalty of Japanese Americans, who in any case were crucial to Hawaii’s economy(pg.736)† The room also displayed many newspaper articles, including one from the Los Angeles Examiner on March 23, 1942 announcing relocation of Japanese Americans from Los Angeles to internment camps. It was good to see an example of what kind of media was out during the time. Also in the room was the story of Hiomi Nakamura, a La Jollian born Japanese American who was first transported to a permanent relocation internment camp site, and later drafted to play a role in the was at a laboratory. Also, in this room I found my second artifact, small carvings. In all of the internment camps, people began making what they needed with whatever materials they could find. Scrap lumber became furniture, found metal became knives and for fun, scrap wood was carved into small, painted birds. These carvings were scrap wood paint metal which women also used as jewelry. To the right of this room continues on to an even smaller room. This part of the exhibit was the â€Å"blackout† room, covered with thick black sheets much like those were used by residents at the time to keep light inside their houses. People were so afraid the Japanese would attack that they had to turn out all of their lights at night. Blackouts were enacted to prevent enemy aircraft from reaching their targets by sight. They also helped prevent ships from being viewed in silhouette against the shore, and vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines. Traffic lights and car lights were covered in a way that would deflect their beams to the ground. This is where another one of my artifacts was inspired, a black sheet. These sheets were a source of protection and I feel it exploits a sense of nationalism as well. The community as a whole worked together in order to make sure all the light in their society was turned off. Nationalism is brought up many times in our textbook startin g with the growth of corporate businesses, to the acts of citizens during all three wars. Finally, came the last and second largest room. In this room I found my two remaining artifacts. This part of the exhibit displayed both men and women’s role during the war. It included stories from women who were living at home, while their men were at war. It provided the perspective of what it was like to be a women or even young mother in La Jolla in the 1940’s. Alongside of the roles played living on the home front, it also displayed the new roles women took inside the war itself. â€Å"World War II brought an end to the military as an exclusive male enclave that women entered only as nurses (pg.730).† At first the government discouraged women who wanted to perform some kind of military service. It soon became clear that the war was going to demand more than the government had expected. Women began to do technical jobs normally performed by men. One of the artifacts that I chose from this room was a nurse’s robe from the Red Cross. This robe was not just your typical plain robe but was covered in patches of each army man they had helped. I was barely able to even see any white apart of the original robe. I chose this artifact because it truly portrayed the crucial role women also played in the war. Our textbook gives us a brief overview from the changes of roles women played during the time of war, but the number of patches on this robe opened my eyes to how much more of an important factor these nurses played taking on a great amount of soldiers. The number of men these women helped were astounding, definitely portraying how import a women’s role was. On the other side of the room was a glassed display of a US Army Air force uniform from 1943-1945. It was considered to be the â€Å"Eisenhower jacket,† based on General Eisenhower. In the display were also a M1903 Springfield Rifle and a M1 Grand Rifle alongside what seemed to be a map. The other artifact that I chose from this room was a silk scar f. Now this long silk scarf had nothing to do with fashion, but proved to be a crucial navigation tool during the war. Allied pilots were issued with these scarves that had detailed maps of enemy territory printed on them. The silk scarves also denoted railroads, canals, roads, frontier, churches and lighthouses. Air Power Shrinks the Globe on page 743 of our textbook discusses the growth of airplanes over the period of time of war. â€Å"The Wellington flew 255 miles an hour and cruised as high as 12,000 feet, with a range of 2,200 miles, whereas the new B-29s could travel more than 350 miles an hour, at altitudes up to 30,000 feet, with a range of up to 5,000 miles. (Pg. 743)† At the time, this was a massive step in the evolution of aircrafts and aircrafts at war, but if we compare this to the type of technology we have in our airplanes it cannot compare. Many of us cannot find our ways around our own city without using our mobile devices to navigate us. These pilots were u sing maps printed on scarves to help direct them around! It is incredible. I believe that the site gave an exceptional insight of how life was like prior, during and after World War 11. Each room explained its story well by the display of artifacts, photographs and touching oral stories it presented. The facility was well outlined timeline which exposed a sequence of events. The exhibit related perfectly to the content of this class with all the information and artifacts it presented. Many of the things presented corresponded with what the book had to say about World War II, along with a lot of new material as well. Overall, I was very pleased to have been able to take a day off and visit the La Jolla Historical Society. I was able to learn a great deal of new material which contributed to a better understanding of what times were like during the war, not only as a nation but to the residents of La Jolla.

Htc Paper

Evaluate HTC’s performance to date. What are its competitive advantages and vulnerabilities? Cher Wang’s vision was to develop a hand-held computer like device and HTC eventually developed its first PDA, the iPAQ in 2000. HTC has always been behind the scenes by just selling high-quality, unbranded phones to cell phone manufacturers and wireless network operators. Eventually, HTC was commissioned to be an original design manufacturer (ODM), which means that HTC only had little responsibility for sales, marketing, or inventory management as HTC manufactured smartphones for branded handset companies and it designed phones for service providers such as T-Mobile and Vodafone and it supported operators by helping them build unique value propositions and optimize their services. This helped them differentiate from other ODMs and the mobile phone operator business provided better profit margins. Then HTC took the plunge and started its own brand operations by designing phones, which would be sold with the brand name of HTC. They wanted to differentiate it from competitors and have greater control over the company’s future. They focused on high-end ‘prosumer’ (the overlap of professionals and consumers) market. Revenue had soared from $1. 1 billion to $4. 6 billion in a span of 4 years and the gross profit jumped from a mere $212 million to a staggering $1. 5 billion dollars in the same time with sales in more than 70 countries. In 2009, the global recession threatened to slow down consumer spending but since HTC had a diverse customer base and focused on a high-growth market it expected to remain sales growth. Because price expectancies from a customer point of view were quite low, HTC had to lower its average sales price. It had to increase the share of common components to deliver significant improvements in terms of economies of scale. They tried to do it by using lower ASP, which could help reduce its dependency on operators. They also lowered production cost by opening up a second production facility in Shanghai and moving manufacturing to Mainland China. As far as the competitive advantages are concerned, a dynamic CEO who had laid out a clear-cut vision led HTC. They started out with a PDA device that represented more than 80% of its revenue and they didn’t stop at that point. The CEO was already thinking about the next growth platform, which was the mobile telecommunication market. The influence of the CEO who is driven to achieve stretch goals has shown to be a big strength to the company. Their advanced product innovation gave them the position to compete with big brands as Microsoft, Google and Vodafone. They became the first Taiwanese company to secure a 3G license. All of this led to HTC’s share price to surge 1000% between 2003 and 2006. As far as vulnerabilities are concerned, as one analyst rightly predicted, mobile market is like â€Å"soup du jour: Today one brand is hot, and tomorrow its leftover†. It means that the market is so volatile that a company to be successful, it has to do a lot of investment in R&D to be able to compete and drive product innovation which will eventually make the company stronger. HTC was late to the already crowded mobile market, which could make it a less familiar brand name. The company hardly had any patents, which means that they are bound to make high expenses on royalty payments to other companies. They were so used to selling custom ordered phones for niche market called prosumers and it could weaken the position of HTC due to high costs incurred by the company. Discuss HTC’s Operating systems (OS) strategy. Going forward, should it focus on Android or develop new directions? In 2009, the majority of Smartphones ran on one of five systems- Symbian, RIM’s Blackberry OS, Apple’s OS X, Microsoft’s Windows Mobile and Palm. Despite of the high market share, the operating system of Microsoft, Windows Mobile, shows more disadvantages then advantages for HTC corp. The view of Windows Mobile does not fit with HTC anymore. HTC want to be seen as a firm with high-quality innovative products with attractive designs and function, where as Windows Mobile is seen by as customers as unfriendly with unattractive design. The new Touch Diamond Smartphone of HTC received bad reviews because of Windows Mobile OS and its interface. In comparison, Google Android market is still young. Despite that it has no high market share yet, their share in the Smartphone OS platform market is likely to be doubled by end of 2010. Android phones contribute already more then a third of HTC’s total sale, so this can only benefit both companies in a positive way and Android has no license fee in comparison to Windows Mobile. Creating an own operating system is a good possibility too. Because of the increasing competition on smart phones, HTC needs to establish their brand name more then ever. With its high innovative power, it can create the right system that fits with the view of the company; focusing on a high quality product that is affordable. Because creating an own operating system has major costs, HTC needs to drop Windows Mobile OS and save the operating fees that it has to pay for Microsoft. Having said that, it has to really create an OS that is very different than others and it’s a very big challenge. HTC might anger Google if it decides to create its own operating system and might have to face some trouble. So, there are a lot of pluses and minuses from both sides. Below are some of the advantages and disadvantages of creating a new HTC operating system Advantages: †¢The company is highly innovative and the product designs are excellent and have already proven that it could move fast in the rapidly evolving mobile market. †¢Company embraces a culture of constantly experimenting with new ideas and technology. So an own Operating System fits the company, its culture and their competencies. †¢Owning an operating system will establish the brand name of HTC. Disadvantages: †¢It would cost a minimum of $200 million to develop a new OS; double what HTC spent in R&D. Cost is a major disadvantage of creating operating system. †¢The market for mobile OS is already very crowed. The HTC operating system will face severe competition. What are your recommendations for HTC to help it become the leading Smartphone company in the world? HTC has proved itself to be a good competitor in smartphone business and to become the leading smartphone company; it has to enter into developing countries like China and India where 3G networks has just opened up and hardly 5% of its total mobile market owns a smartphone. Geographically, Taiwan is so close to both the countries and since it has already built production and manufacturing facilities in China, it can really make a big difference in supply chain management. If it can come up with a wide variety of smartphones that is affordable by middle class people, it could make a huge difference in its revenue and profit margins. The immediate step to increase the sales would be to target the area where companies/customers are looking for alternatives. One of those target areas should be businesses professionals as currently the offering from RIM is receiving a big beating with its service and HTC could prove to be a better alternative for RIM if it could develop phones that could offer seamless service to customers by offering better compatibility to exchange, IM client and office integration apps. This will make them build a strong customer base and also help HTC to build its brand value in the market place. HTC should also target the niche market with producing smartphones with greater processor speeds, better camera, big screen phones, phones with touch screens, phones with qwerty keypads, phones with better integration with gaming devices like PlayStation, Xbox and Wii, good integration with social networking apps like Twitter, Facebook, Linked In et al. It could also partner with several companies and come up with hardware and software integration apps that are available as part of its OS but the same apps are available for a fee on other phones. An example would be to offer free voice enabled GPS system on every HTC phone by partnering with companies such as TomTom or Garmin and sharing revenue with them. This would create an edge for its products and will be a better alternative for other company phones.

Harley Davidson Case Analysis

Case Analysis 2: Harley-davidson MKT 201:001 Long Island University Angel Pagan November 17, 2012 Case Analysis 2: Harley-Davidson This case focuses on the iconic motorcycle brand of Harley-Davidson. Harley-Davidson is an American motorcycle manufacturing company founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Since Harley-Davidson was established in 1903, the manufacturer has experienced its ups and down. It especially encounters struggles like any other automobile industry during economic downturns. On the verge of bankruptcy around 1980, Harley-Davidson made a surprising comeback.This comeback was mainly a result of Harley-Davidson’s incorporation of customer services into its products, product differentiation through quality and design as well as focusing production on a consistently high level of quality. Today, the company’s annual worldwide sales total more than $4 billion worldwide and have an annual output of 200,000 motorcycles along 35 different models in seven product line s. With these results it is safe to say that Harley-Davidson dominates the U. S. motorcycle market and is also strong in Europe and Japan.Harley-Davidson does a very good job at differentiating its product. In fact, product differentiation is the main component of Harley-Davidson’s marketing strategy. They want to offer a motorcycle like no other motorcycle on the market at the highest quality. Harley-Davidson not only stresses its level of quality but its consistency of quality as well. Quality refers to the overall characteristic of a product that allows it to perform as expected in satisfying customer needs. Therefore quality can be used to differentiate products because not all products satisfy the needs of the consumer.Harley-Davidson offers many different lines of motorcycles including limited edition models as well as customization options. If the customer customizes the motorcycle then they should be getting exactly what they want at a high quality. Harley-Davidson em phasizes the consistency of quality as much as the level of quality because no matter how high the level of quality is, if it is not consistent then they will lose customers. For example, if you go to a restaurant that serves food the way you like it to be prepared only half of the time, it is likely that you will no longer go there.Then word spreads to others and they are less likely to go to that restaurant too. The same goes for Harley-Davidson. They want to ensure that every motorcycle has a high quality to keep the customers satisfied and bring forth even more customers. They also offer financing and insurance which helps differentiate them from competitors even more. Harley-Davidson believes that customer service is an important part of the product. They help differentiate their product by offering customers training, warrantees, guarantees, repairs and accessories.They want the customers to be comfortable with the employees and have a positive buying experience. Some dealers even take it a step further by offering a Rider’s Edge course. Since this course was offered at some dealerships, more than 150,000 people have graduated and earned a motorcycles license. This customer service section aims at the population of people who would like to buy a Harley-Davidson but do not know how to ride. They join these step-by-step courses with the employees and are on track to one day having their own Harley.They also offer a line of bikes for women and teach women how to ride bikes, pick them up, and assist them with any information they need in the buying process. They even have founded the Harley Owens Group in order to instill a sense of community amongst riders. There are over 1 million members. They have access to certain benefits, group rides, members only website, exclusive magazines, and a special customer service hotline. They even offer free tours at four of its factories, not to mention the museum.The Harley-Davidson museum is located in its headqu arters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The museum features exhibits from the company’s past products such as sample boats, bikes, snowmobiles and golf carts, to today’s models. They also highlight the company’s latest technologies, and inner workings of its new product development process. This museum may play a role in influencing how customers perceive the company and its products because they are able to see where the company has been, where they are, and where they want to be.It also gives the potential customers a chance to experience what it would be like to be a Harley-Davidson owner. They even offer a virtual ride bike so that people can almost get a first hand glance at what it is like to own a bike. Harley-Davidson has a very wide marketing mix. They have bikes that attract people of different sizes, styles, age, and gender. They offer a very good bike at a price of $6,999 for beginners. They offer a line exclusively for women with smaller bikes and a wide va riety of customizing products. They aim at creating a sense of individuality and freedom for the riders.As a rider gets more experienced they can trade their bike in for a more advanced one if they feel it is necessary. They also offer different styles of bikes for those who are experienced. They range from cruisers to choppers to sports bikes. In total there are seven product lines with 35 different models. Therefore the product depth is 7 and its length is 35. Below is a list going into greater detail about the marketing mix. If I had to invent a brand name for a line of luxury motorcycles I would call it the American Eagle.This brand name would especially appeal to the American market but would also be appealing worldwide. It implies a high American quality, which is luxurious and valuable and is consistent with the American lifestyle. Product †¢ The major product is heavy weight motorcycle of 750 cc for working out on heavy roads. †¢ A number of brands have been introd uced in its century of age, and each one was very integrated, well equipped and up to date with respect to technological advancements (Johnstone, 1995). The hallmark productions of the company assisted it to acquire eagle mark for itself. †¢ An excellent customer service is provided in case of any ambiguity, and customers are thoroughly guided for the upcoming brands. †¢ Deals in branded motor bikes and other limited sector of open market. †¢ Also deal in used bikes, there usable parts being repaired and introduced in the market at lower price range †¢ Spare part market has also got their name at the top of the list. †¢ Twin Cam engine is its major innovatory product. †¢ They also offer services for repairing. Revolution engine is also introduced on their innovation lists. Price †¢ Their prices are mostly maintained around a certain figure. †¢ The major revenue sector is heavy bikes along with spare parts. †¢ The company has been in crisi s for few years as its market share dropped by 43 (%) percent. †¢ The company is planning to eliminate its employees in the coming year for maintaining the company’s financial position (Wilson, 1993). †¢ During the time of crisis the vehicle prices were suddenly increased but now it’s being hoped that they will be regulated. Place The company has acquired 358,000 square foot plant in Kansas City for the production of Dyna Glide, Sportster, and V-Rod models. †¢ For assisting Latin American expansion n Assemly plant is located in Brazil. By establishing manufacturing units, a vast production was achieved (Margie, 2009). †¢ Harley Davidson is also moving forward to export bikes in India as well to increase its production and export sector as well. †¢ Harley Davidson also caters the motor bikes export in most parts of the world but it is not that much economical because of high custom duty for heavy machinery.Promotion †¢ Different marketing p olicies are being applied for the promotion of the company. †¢ Lucky draws are timely introduced, while promoting its political frame. †¢ Certain free services are announced for showing goodwill gestures on the new motor bikes sale. †¢ Some times fares are also arranged for bulk sales, especially when there is low sale time. †¢ Very attractive commercials are placed on different channels. †¢ Most of the magazines in U. S promote the company by its good coverage. References Pride, W. M.. , & Ferrell, O.C. , (2012). Foundations of Marketing. Pg. 77. Australia Mason, OH: South-Western, Cengage Learning (2012, ). H-D1â„ ¢ Customization | Custom Motorcycles | Harley-Davidson USA. Retrieved. November 17, 2012, from http://www. harley-davidson. com/en_US/Content/Pages/H-D1_Customization/h-d1_cu stomization. html? locale=en_US&bmLocale=en_US (2011, March 8). Harley Davidson Marketing Mix | Marketing Mixx. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http://marketingmixx. co m/marketing-basics/marketing-mix/159-harley-davidson-marketing-mix. html

Beer Production

1 A Report By: Animesh Ranjan 5101045 C-2 (biotechnology) Jaypee Institute of Information Technology For: Mr. Chakresh Jain Course Coordinator (biotech plant site layout) Department of Biotechnology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida 2 CONTENTS Kool Breweries Ltd: An Overview Alcoholic Beverages Brewing: How Beer is made Brewing: Process Overview Beer Production: Flowchart Beer Production: Ingredients Beer Production Process o o o o o o o Mashing Lautering Boiling and Hopping Hop Separation and Cooling Fermentation Filtration Packaging 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 4 5 8 9 10 11Quality Control in Beer Production 3 Kool Breweries Ltd: An Overview Kool Breweries Limited is a premium-branded beverage company dedicated to delivering quality products enjoyed by millions around the world every day. An academic visit to the Kool Brewery manufacturing plant in Haryana was organized as a part of the course ‘Biotech Plant Site Layout’ on the 19th March 2007. This visit pro vided with the opportunity to observe the different processes involved in the beer manufacturing, i. e. mashing, lautering, whirl pooling, fermentation, filtration and packaging.Also the quality control measures being adopted to maintain the quality of the beer to international standards and the basic layout of the plant were also observed. The visit was a very useful academic as well as practical exposure and we look forward to more of such visits in future to enhance both our theoretical, technical and practical knowledge. 4 Alcoholic Beverages An alcoholic beverage containing ethanol. is a drink Ethanol is a psychoactive drug, a depressant, and many societies regulate or restrict its sale and consumption.Countries place various legal restrictions on the sale of alcoholic drinks to young people. The manufacture and consumption of alcohol is notably found (to some degree) in most cultures and societies around the world, from hunter-gatherer tribes to organized nation-states. The co nsumption of alcohol is often important at social events in such societies and may be an important aspect of a community's culture. The concentration of alcohol in a drink may be specified in percent alcohol by volume (ABV), in percentage by weight (sometimes abbreviated w/w for weight for weight), or in proof.Most yeast cannot grow when the concentration of alcohol is higher than about 18% by volume, so that is a practical limit for the strength of fermented beverages such as wine, beer, and sake. Strains of yeast have been developed that can survive in solutions of up to 25% alcohol by volume, but these were bred for ethanol fuel production, not beverage production. 5 Alcoholic Beverages †¢ Mead – fermented honey and water, sugar in honey is too concentrated for yeasts to grow so it must be diluted. Probably made by early humans by accident initially.Mead is made now by boiling diluted honey and adding nitrogencontaining compounds, then yeast culture. Fermentation proc ess takes 6-8 weeks. †¢ Wine – Yeasts are present on fruit skins so fermentation can occur naturally. Wine was probably produced accidentally as long as 10,000 ybp but that is only a guess. †¢ Beers – have been made for at least 6000 years. Brewing has been a hit and miss process until about 200 years ago, until then it was difficult to control quality. High quality beer has three basic ingredients: barley malt, hops, and water. Adjuncts are used extensively in cheap beers. 6 Sake – â€Å"rice wine† – Conversion of rice starch to sugar is done by Aspergillus (bread mold). Yeast are then added for fermentation, final alcohol concentration is 19% and is fortified to 20-22%. †¢ Chicha – corn beer, Central and S. America, made from chewed corn. †¢ Distillation o Whiskeys – distilled from â€Å"beers† and aged – Scotch, Bourbon, Rye. o Cognacs and brandies – distilled from wines. o Grain alcohol is 95% = 190 proof o Gin and vodka – ethanol + water, gin is flavored. o Rum – fermented molasses or sugarcane juice 7 Brewing: How Beer is Made Brewing is the production of alcoholic beverages and alcohol fuel through fermentation.This is the method used in beer production. Brewing is fundamentally a natural process. The art and science of brewing lies in converting natural food materials into a pure, pleasing beverage. Although great strides have been made with the techniques for achieving high-quality production, beer today is still a beverage brewed from natural products in a traditional way. Although the main ingredients of beer have remained constant (water, yeast, malt and hops), it is the precise recipe and timing of the brew that gives one a different taste from another.The production of beer is one of the most closely supervised and controlled manufacturing processes in our society. Apart from brewing company expenditures on research and quality control designed to achieve the highest standards of uniformity and purity in the product, the production of beer is also subject to regular inspection and review by federal and provincial Health Departments. Substances used in the brewing process are approved by Health Canada. On average, a batch of beer will take about 30 days to produce.To be more specific, brewing takes nine and a half hours, while fermentation and aging combined take between 21 and 35 days for ales and lagers respectively. 8 Brewing: Process Overview The grain used as the raw material is usually barley, but rye, maize, rice and oatmeal are also employed. In the first stage the grain is malted, either by causing it to germinate or by artificial means. This converts the carbohydrates to dextrin and maltose, and these sugars are then extracted from the grain by soaking in a mash tun (vat or cask) and then agitating in a lauter tun.The resulting liquor, known as sweet wort, is then boiled in a copper vessel with hops, which give a bitter flavour and helps to preserve the beer. The hops are then separated from the wort and it is passed through chillers into fermenting vessels where the yeast is added-a process known as pitching-and the main process of converting sugar into alcohol is carried out. (For discussion of fermentation see the chapter Pharmaceutical industry. ) The beer is then chilled to , centrifuged and filtered to clarify it; it is then ready for dispatch by keg, bottle, aluminium can or bulk transport. Figure 65. 8 is a flow chart of the brewing process. Beer Production: Flowchart 10 Beer Production: Ingredients The water must be pure, with no trace of bacteria. This is vital, because it allows the other ingredients to release all their flavour. 95% of breweries have their own spring or natural well. Barley is a cereal that offers a key advantage: it can be preserved for a long time after harvesting. In order for barley to be used in the making of beer, it must first be malted. It is malted barl ey that gives beer its characteristic color and taste. Hops or â€Å"green gold† come from a climbing plant with male and female flowers; only the female flowers are used.There are various varieties, ranging from very bitter to aromatic. Hops grew naturally in our regions in ancient times, and this plant has been used by brewers since time immemorial. In antiquity, it could be replaced by mixtures of aromatic herbs, in particular rosemary and thyme, which had the same preserving effect as hops but of course gave the resulting beverage a quite different flavour. Yes, it is hops that give beer its characteristic bitterness, and this plant became so successful that in the 18th century all varieties of beer contained hops. 11 Yeasts transform the sugars in the must into alcohol and carbon dioxide.The type of yeast used varies according to the type of beer. There was a time when man had no control over yeasts in beer. Louis Pasteur was able to explain their role in the brewing pro cess, and yeast culture was developed thanks to the work of the Danish scientist Hansen. Nowadays there are two main varieties of yeasts that are used in brewing: saccharomyces cerevisiae and saccharomyces carlsbergensis (bottomfermenting). Certain other products are used in the making of beer, in particular spices: coriander, ginger, cloves, sage, fennel, mustard seeds, aniseed, cinnamon, etc. 12 Beer Production Process MashingMalt is added to heated, purified water and, through a carefully controlled time and temperature process, the malt enzymes break down the starch to sugar and the complex proteins of the malt to simpler nitrogen compounds. Mashing takes place in a large, round tank called a â€Å"mash mixer† or â€Å"mash tun† and requires careful temperature control. At this point, depending on the type of beer desired, the malt is supplemented by starch from other cereals such as corn, wheat or rice. Lautering The mash is transferred to a straining (or lauterin g) vessel which is usually cylindrical with a slotted false bottom two to five centimetres above the rue bottom. The liquid extract drains through the false bottom and is run off to the brew kettle. This extract, a sugar solution, is called â€Å"wort† but it is not yet beer. Water is â€Å"sparged† (or sprayed) though the grains to wash out as much of the extract as possible. The â€Å"spent grains† are removed and sold as cattle feed. 13 Boiling and Hopping The brew kettle, a huge cauldron holding from 70 to 1,000 hectolitres and made of shiny copper or stainless steel, is probably the most striking sight in a brewery. It is fitted with coils or a jacketed bottom for steam heating and is designed to boil the wort under carefully-controlled conditions.Boiling, which usually lasts about two hours, serves to concentrate the wort to a desired specific gravity, to sterilize it and to obtain the desired extract from the hops. The hop resins contribute flavour, aroma and bitterness to the brew. Once the hops have flavoured the brew, they are removed. When applicable, highly-fermentable syrup may be added to the kettle. Undesirable protein substances that have survived the journey from the mash mixer are coagulated, leaving the wort clear. Hop Separation and Cooling After the beer has taken on the flavour of the hops, the wort then proceeds to the â€Å"hot wort tank†.It is then cooled, usually in a simple-looking apparatus called a â€Å"plate cooler†. As the wort and a coolant flow past each other on opposite sides of stainless steel plates, the temperature of the wort drops from boiling to about 10 to 15. 5  °C, a drop of more than 65. 6  °C, in a few seconds. 14 Fermentation The wort is then moved to the fermenting vessels and yeast, the guarded central mystery of ancient brewer's art, is added. It is the yeast, which is a living, single-cell fungi, that breaks down the sugar in the wort to carbon dioxide and alcohol. It al so adds many beer-flavouring components.There are many kinds of yeasts, but those used in making beer belong to the genus saccharomyces. The brewer uses two species of this genus. One yeast type, which rises to the top of the liquid at the completion of the fermentation process, is used in brewing ale and stout. The other, which drops to the bottom of the brewing vessel, is used in brewing lager. During fermentation, which lasts about seven to 10 days, the yeast may multiply six-fold and in the open-tank fermenters used for brewing ale, a creamy, frothy head may be seen on top of the brew. 15 FiltrationFiltering the beer stabilizes the flavour, and gives beer its polished shine and brilliance. Not all beer is filtered. When tax determination is required by local laws, it is typically done at this stage in a calibrated tank. Filters come in many types. Many use pre-made filtration media such as sheets or candles, while others use a fine powder made of, for example, diatomaceous earth , also called kieselguhr, which is introduced into the beer and recirculated past screens to form a filtration bed. Filters range from rough filters that remove much of the yeast and any solids (e. . hops, grain particles) left in the beer, to filters tight enough to strain color and body from the beer. Normally used filtration ratings are divided into rough, fine and sterile. Rough filtration leaves some cloudiness in the beer, but it is noticeably clearer than unfiltered beer. Fine filtration gives a glass of beer that you could read a newspaper through, with no noticeable cloudiness. Finally, as its name implies, sterile filtration is fine enough that almost all microorganisms in the beer are removed during the filtration process. 16 PackagingIn the bottle shop of a brewery, returned empty bottles go through washers in which they receive a thorough cleaning. After washing, the bottles are inspected electronically and visually and pass on to the rotary filler. Some of these machin es can fill up to 1,200 bottles per minute. A â€Å"crowning† machine, integrated with the filler, places caps on the bottles. The filled bottles may then pass through a â€Å"tunnel pasteurizer† (often 23 metres from end to end and able to hold 15,000 bottles) where the temperature of the beer is raised about 60  °C. or a sufficient length of time to provide biological stability, then cooled to room temperature. Emerging from the pasteurizer, the bottles are inspected, labelled, placed in boxes, stacked on pallets and carried by lift truck to the warehousing areas to await shipment. Also in the bottle shop may be the canning lines, where beer is packaged in cans for shipment. Packaged beer may be heat-pasteurized or micro-filtered, providing a shelf-life of up to six months when properly stored. Draught beer, since it is normally sold and consumed within a few weeks, may not go through this process.The draught beer is placed in sterilized kegs ready for shipment. 17 Quality Control in Beer Production Setting up specifications is done all the time. Brewers decide on the basic properties of original gravity, color, and flavor and from this develop a formulation of raw materials and a process to extract what is wanted from them. Sensory methods: Sensory methods are not necessarily easy to apply (and often ill used) but are useful and quite cheap to do. They include an analysis of beer flavor (undoubtedly beer's most important attribute), beer clarity, color, and foam.Brewers who do not regularly and critically taste and visually examine their beers in a formal setting deny themselves much critical information. Beer color, on the other hand, can be measured in a comparator (just a light box set up for visually matching color – the human eye is much better at this than most instruments) or by quite cheap instruments, such as a tintometer. A standard beer set aside for color matching remains stable for quite a long time if kept cold and in th e dark. Observers can rate the beers on some sensory scale.Putting numerical values from instruments on flavor, haze, foam, color, and so forth is where the trouble starts, but that isn't really necessary for a simple quality-control program. 18 Cycling a beer on some regular schedule (e. g. daily) between a warm place (60 ° C) and a cold one (40 ° C) will create haze; more stable beers withstand more cycles than less stable ones. Similarly, storing a beer at 25 ° C in an archive (a fancy name for a warm cupboard) will encourage microbial growth and other sorts of beer breakdown. Instrumental Analysis: The second kind of specification and analysis is not amenable to sensory testing. gh on this list of â€Å"invisible† specifications has to be the original gravity (OG) and the degree of fermentability (hence alcohol content) of beers. These are most easily determined on wort but require an investment in some simple apparatus – a hydrometer and measuring cylinder. The wort OG and fermentability are fundamental specifications for a beer, because beer is made from the fermentable portion of the wort. These values also allow a brewer to calculate extract yield from raw materials (brewhouse yield) and predict beer yield.The degree of fermentability can be determined by a rapid fermentation test in which a high population of yeast cells, with frequent agitation, rapidly ferments out the wort. At the same time, wort flavor and clarity can be noted. A sample of wort, taken under aseptic conditions and set aside in the archive, will reveal its microbiological status in a few days and tell a good deal about the sanitary status of the brewhouse. Package beer, on the other hand, must be analyzed for CO2 content (carbonation) and bottle â€Å"air† for flavor stability. 19The microbiological status of a packaged beer, especially one destined for a distant market, is of prime concern for beer flavor and for the safety of the consuming public (potent ial for exploding bottles). The only satisfactory microbiological test is to pass at least 100 ml of beer through a 0. 45 micrometer membrane, then plate the membrane on media (such as MRS) under conditions (for instance anaerobic at about 25 ° C) capable of detecting the target organisms in low numbers. A quick squint at a beer sample under a microscope doesn't cut it. 20