Governments, Including The Government Of The United States, Are Not Ne

Governments, including the government of the United States, are not neutral. They represent dominant economic interests and their constitutions are intended to serve these interests. The Constitution of the United States is the central instrument of American government and supreme law of the land. For 200 years, it has guided the evolution of governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, economic growth and social progress. It is almost universally agreed that the delegates to the Constitutional Convention drafted an amazing document. However, this does not mean that those drafting the Constitution completely put aside all economic and sectional interests. In fact, they did not. As a result, the Constitution in its original form, while remarkable in many ways, was the result of disagreements among the drafters. A jumble of compromises, the new Constitution was geared toward the advantaged and the wealthy and not wholly representative of the new nation's rich diversity. One thing the delegates did agree upon was the sense of potential disaster and the need for drastic change. All of the delegates were convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the impotent Congress established by the Articles of Confederation. Beyond that, sharp differences of opinion, often based on sectional or economic differences, threatened at times to disrupt the Convention and cut short its proceedings before a constitution was even drafted. A good example of sectional bickering was the debate over state's representation in Congress. The larger state's argued in favor of proportional representation in the legislature--each state should have voting power according to its population. The smaller states, fearing domination by larger ones, insisted on equal representation. The issue was settled by the "Great Compromise," giving every state equal representation in one house of Congress, and proportional representation in the other. In the Senate, every state would have two seats. In the House of Representatives, the number of seats would depend on population. Another compromise made based on sectional differences was the 3/5 compromise that dealt with the counting of slave for representation purposes. Southern states, wanting to increase their amount of power in Congress wanted slaves to be counted just as everyone else. The North, attempting to maintain its advantage in population wanted slaves to be left out of the counting. It was eventually settled that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person. Were the Founding Fathers wise and just men arguing over the philosophies behind the new government and trying to achieve a good balance? In fact they did not want a balance at all, except one that kept things as they were, a balance between the dominant forces at the time. A fair and just government for all the inhabitants of the United States would not have been in their economic interests at all and thus most of their disagreements were based of economic grounds. They certainly did not want an equal balance between slaves and masters, propertyless and property holders, Indians and white, women and men. A majority of the delegates were lawyers by profession and were generally men of wealth in land, slaves, manufacturing or shipping. Thus, most of the makers of the Constitution had a direct economic interest in establishing a strong federal government. Yet the delegates were hesitant, they knew the Constitution would never be ratified if it served only their economic interests in the form of strong central government. They had to compromise. The Constitution, then, illustrates the complexity of the American system: that it serves the wealthy elite, but also does enough for small property owners and the middle class to build a broad base of support. This base of support was used a buffer against blacks, Indians and poor whites. Four groups were not represented in the Constitutional Convention however, slave, indentured servants, women and men without property. And so the Constitution did not reflect the interests of those groups. The Constitutional Convention was not the angelic, intellectual free exchange of ideas many people believe it to be. The Constitution is a jumble of compromises stemming from sectional and economic interests of those who drafted it. Qualifications for voting at state levels required in most cases the owning of property and excluded women, Indians and slaves. There were no popular elections to the higher offices of the federal government, the people were originally only allowed to vote for state officials. Though the people had to be checked, Madison wrote in his Federalist Papers, men of substance a

Rhetorical Analysis of The The essays

Rhetorical Analysis of The The essays Rhetorical Analysis of The Theory of Multiple Intelligences We believe that human cognitive competence is better described in terms of a set of abilities, talents, or mental skills, which we call intelligences. (Gardner 379) In 1993, when Howard Gardner wrote this essay, people focused most of their attention on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence. They esteem the highly articulate or logical people. IQ test devised by Alfred Binet was the only indicator that measures permanent basic intelligence. Howard Gardner proposes a new view of intelligence that is rapidly being incorporated in school curricula. In his Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Gardner expanded the concept of intelligence to also include such areas as music, special relations, and interpersonal/intrapersonal knowledge in addition to mathematical and linguistic ability. From his book Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (1993), he proposes that there are at least seven distinct intelligences. Additionally he wants to let the public know his different view. He spent 2 pages of his essay to tell us a story which shows that something is wrong. He is trying to facilitate communication for modern public readers. That must be the reason why this essay has simple language and a brief structure. He hides the details of his research but tells us a story which can be easily understood by most of us. He is introducing the new concept of human intelligence to the public. First, Ill discuss about the structure of this essay. First thing that catches my eyes is the way he list the seven different kinds of intelligence with parallel structure. From musical to intrapersonal intelligence, he explains each kind of intelligence as simply as possible with the exact same structure. He begins with a story that identifies the specific intelligence. For example, in the musical intelligence part, he tells a story about a three year old boy who was f...

Your organization has selected you to prepare and write a report to Essay

Your organization has selected you to prepare and write a report to assess the appropriate information needs of your company and to recommend the appropriate software to support those information needs - Essay Example A&F is a huge organization in the sense that, it has its headquarters in New Albany, Ohio where all the operations are run including merchandise distribution centre that are located on the campus to ensure that there is brand protection (EuroSPI 2010, & Riel, 2010, p.34). Therefore, A&F being a huge corporation it has an executive director that Arthur Martinez who ensures that the organization achieves its objective in the clothing industry. Additionally, there are other seven officials or directors of the organization. They ensure that the goals of the organization are met on time and that their clients are satisfied with the goods that are produced. The A&F has 1,049 stores all over the world where 278 of those stores are located in the United States. The stores operate all their four brands that include Abercrombie Kids, which sells clothes for children from the age of 7 through 14. Hollister Co. that sells clothes for children from the age of 14 through 18 and is themed as â€Å"SoCal† these clothes have lower prices compared to their parent brand. There is Gilly Hicks, which is a cheeky cousin of Abercrombie & Fitch that has been themed as â€Å"Down Under† Sydney. This concept brand offers lounge wear and underwear for women aged 18 and up. Lastly, there was the Ruehl No. 925, which used to offer clothes for women of the age of 22 through 35. However, the operations of Ruehl No. 925 closed in 2010. The organization uses brand representatives or what is commonly known to as models for their stores customers’ service. Additionally, their store managers who are responsible for lighting, photo marketing, forms, fragrance presentation and ensuring that the models employed to sell the organizations brand comply with what us known as the look policy. By so doing, the store managers ensure that their customers have a clear way of seeing how the clothes would look like if they were wearing them making it an

Plato's Arguments for Rationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plato's Arguments for Rationalism - Essay Example Plato’s arguments can be summarised in the following contest: a) Justification is simply by reason instead of senses. This means that there is need to move away from that world of cave that is explored by our sensory experience and move outside the cave to discover the world of forms by means of reason. b) Objects of knowledge such as forms are necessary, unchanging and external. Therefore, we are looking for the permanent order which underlies the flux. c) The most basic and important knowledge is priori that means that it does not rely on sensory information. Thus this is true knowledge of goodness, of mathematics, of justice and many others. d) Mathematics is simply like a model for the entire knowledge process. This implies that the easiest way that an individual can think of forms is by thinking of mathematical objects being the perfect circle.The theory of form is regarded to as one of Plato’s most powerful theory. It proposes that on top of the physical world tha t we sense in our midst, there is also another realm based on reality. This kind of realm is intelligible instead of being an observable sphere in existence; it is made up of absolute, unchanging, external, perfect forms that define that which exists imperfectly and fleetingly in our world of senses. The forms therefore provide knowledge regarding the objective truth. The theory of forms assists Plato’s epistemological theories in a number of ways.Epistemological theories are based on the account of what is meant by knowledge.

Importance of islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of islam - Essay Example By gaining an understanding of the history, the students will know how Allah’s almighty law works in the lives of people. Islam is derived from an Arabic word meaning peace and teaches that in total submission to Allah, the creator, one finds peace. Muslims believe Allah is the only God and He is the only one who deserves worship hence any praise of saints or human beings is perceived as idolatry. The five pillars of Islam are prayer, fasting, testimony of faith, alms giving and pilgrimage and help to strengthen the obedience and faith of Muslims. Islam religion is a daily way of life which organizes the social, political and economic aspects of life including relations with God, families and other brethren. Islam maintains that Archangel Gabriel relayed messages to Prophet Muhammad from the year 610AD to 632AD. Muhammad is the final messenger of God and the revelation he received was called Quran. In 633AD, the first Islamic ruler, Abu Bakr commissioned the production of Quran since there was no Quran that was completely written and approved. The sacred task that Mohammad was entrusted was important a nd the Quran has glorified and exalting Allah. Therefore, it is crucial for students to a have knowledge of the Quran and the origin of Islam (Sonn, 2004). The legitimate basis for a person to adopt a religion should be that the claims of the religion are true. The Quran and Hadith are important because they are the legal sources of Islam. The Quran is also a book of guidance therefore it is important for the religious studies students to know and be able to prove who composed it. The Quran explains the challenges accusations and attacks of different prophets who were sent to nations. In writing the brief history of the Quran, the students will also have to explain how the seven versions of Quran came about since God expressed it in Arabic only. Another

The Products Of Herbal Essences Marketing Essay

The Products Of Herbal Essences Marketing Essay Herbal Essences is a brand of hair product founded in 1971 by Clairol. In 2002, Procter and Gamble acquired Herbal Essences from Clairol, Inc. Herbal Essences is a global brand of hair-care products that distribute various different Shampoo, Conditioner, Hair Coloring, Mousse, Hairspray, and Gel products (Procter Gamble, 2012, p. 3). Procter and Gamble entered as a hair colorant and renovated the product of Herbal Essences (Matusow, 2008). In this section we will analyze the target market strategies, which Procter and Gamble used to help their product Herbal Essences grow more than 40 percent in sales globally (Procter Gamble, 2007, p. 12). According to McGreog (2008), since Procter and Gamble acquired Herbal Essences their main marketing objective was to change their product and to revive their failing brand within the shampoo industry. Hence, the company wanted to market towards a more youthful audience. The brand was originally focused on women who wanted natural hair care products. It dealt with ingredients such as herbal and organic aspect of the product. Procter and Gamble wanted to reposition their hair products by creating a fun and youthful appeal while having the natural ingredients. Procter and Gamble did this so they do not lose their brand loyalists. Herbal Essences target market consists of Generation Y female users ranging from the age of 14-30 (McGregor, 2008). Herbal Essences target markets are individuals who are going to school, entering college, and young moms. Consumers of Herbal Essencess products share more than a common hair-care product, they share common lifestyles. In order to understand the appeal of their products, Herbal Essences continues to research their cultural and social environment. They do this by learning more about the consumers psychographics and behavioral characteristics. The goal in doing so is to sell more hair products by understanding the changing wants and the needs of the market segment. The needs of this market segment According to MediaPost (2008), in recent efforts to better understand and attract the youthful audience towards Herbal Essences, Procter Gamble and the Beauty Business Chief, Susan Arnold had an idea to re-invent their products by completely re-branding Herbal Essences. In order to rebrand themselves they conducted their own research such as consumer surveys, market research and observing buying patterns of younger consumers. She took on the task of finding a way to build up the failing brand with a small group of people from research and development, marketing, and design. The small team worked together with branding agency Libby Perszyk Kathman (LPK) to target the market of Generation Y females (MediaPost, 2008). As Lukovitz (2007) states in her article Herbal Essence Snags 2007 Rebrand 100 Global Award the team instantly started on 18 months of extensive consumer research. During the time the team emerged in May 2006 with a new target market audience tailored towards the spontaneous, optimistic, altruistic, experiential Generation Y (Lukovitz, 2007). Herbal Essences changed the whole product from scratch which they referred to as the from-scratch strategy which included a new logo, adding several catchy new product names, and adding new packaging. Herbal Essences research discovered that women like to buy hair care products within the same brand. The packaging emphasizes the shape, the new shampoo and conditioner bottles where designed to fit together on the shelf, encouraging the youthful audience to buy the product as a whole and driving up sales (Lukovitz, 2007). In order for Herbal Essences to communicate their product to their new target market, they have used an innovative way to reflect their product upon the youthful generation. Herbal Essences uses this technique consistently throughout their product packaging and promotions. For example, the names of their products such as Hello Hydration, Drama Clean, and Tousle Me Softly (Herbal Essences, 2012). The name of these products reflects the tone and personality of the youthful audience which effectively appeals to their target market. Their target market likes to be aware of the latest trends in hairstyles and looks that could be obtained by using their products. Their target market wants a brand that focuses on their needs and is funky as them; a product which has an emotional connection, and makes them feel like the product is a part of their lifestyle. This market strategy also play a role into targeting the older part of the demographic, towards young mothers around the age of 30 who may look for hair care products for their daughters. They would be prone to buy the product since it gives a youthful and a modern vibe unlike other hair care product competitors. Herbal Essences indirectly cleverly uses the youthful appeal towards the older demographics that could also purchase their product, because they are tempted to feel younger (Lukovitz, 2007). Herbal Essences revolutionized the way companies target their market. It moved from a failing brand into a successful brand. The strategies they applied into targeting their market changes the way companies and their products speak to their consumers, appears to their customers, and how they might even position their products on the shelf to compete with their competitors (McGregor, 2008). Herbal Essences hair-care products stand out because it has been designed and formulated specifically for their target market needs. With the products of Herbal Essences, their target market can match their unique personality with their products.

Essay --

Mortality The weight of one's mortality and the complexities of life and death are introduced from the beginning of Hamlet. In the wake of his father's death, Hamlet can't stop pondering and considering the meaning of life — and its eventual ending. Many questions emerge as the text progresses. What happens when you die? If you're murdered, then will you go to heaven? Do kings truly have a free pass to heaven? In Hamlet's mind the idea of dying isn't so bad. It's the uncertainty of the afterlife that frightens Hamlet away from suicide, even though he's obsessed with the notion. A turning point for Hamlet occurs in the graveyard scene in Act V. Before, Hamlet has been appalled and revolted by the moral corruption of the living. Seeing Yorick's skull (someone Hamlet loved and respected) propels Hamlet's realization that death eliminates the differences between people. The sheer number of bodies at the end of Hamlet can be misleading. Even though eight of the nine primary characters die, the question of mortality is not fully answered. The questions about death, suicide, and what co...

Global Warming or Global Warning? Essay

One of the controversial issues in the United States in particular and in the world in general is global warming. A polemic has been going on whether the concept of global warming is real or not, and some believe that the phenomenon is caused by human activities while other denies that assertion. Whether we believe in it or not, global warming is now a well known concept in our society. Encyclopedia Britannica states that global warming is â€Å"an increase in the global average surface temperature resulting from an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide, methane, and certain other trace gases in the atmosphere. † In a simple version, the planet temperature is rising due to chemical reactions occurring in the nature. Is this assertion true? And what are the factors that favor the happening of chemical reactions? Although the Earth’s temperature increase is a natural phenomenon, several other catalyzers participate to speed up the natural reaction, including human activity. According to Global Warming Newspaper Archives, tens of thousands years ago, the Earth was covered by a layer of ice, and that time was called the â€Å"Ice Age. † As the planet temperature began to rise, the whole layer of ice disappeared giving place to the â€Å"Little Ice Age† characterized by extreme cold and harsh conditions in poles and in uplands. The French mathematician and physicist Jean Baptist Joseph Fourier was the first to introduce the concept of global warming in 1824 when he noticed that the planet temperature was increasing. Fourier brought up the â€Å"Greenhouse effect† theory which explains how â€Å"carbon dioxide traps heat in the Earths atmosphere† (Global Warming Newspaper Archives). In 1950, Guy Stewart Callendar the British engineer supported the â€Å"greenhouse effect† and warned about the seriousness of global warming which led to the beginning of the environmental activism. Several predictions on the future of the Earth came up pushing the United Nations to hold an environmental conference in 1992 where countries were asked to engage themselves to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Since the effects of the 1992 Conference weren’t significant, the United Nations created the Kyoto Protocol the first international commitment to fight against global warming. 125 countries have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, but the United States the world largest greenhouse gases producer never signed for the global climate treaty. Global warming is a well understood concept because it is a reality. The change of the average weather condition of the planet in a long period of time is a strong indicator of the global warming phenomenon. This change usually concerns the temperature in particular, sea level, and natural phenomena in the second place. In the American Meteorological Society Bulletin, an Arctic sea ice extend average chart shows that from 1961 to 1990, for July-September and April-June, the ice extend has decreased. These periods correspond to the hottest period of the year. However, for October to December and January-March, the ice extend did not change even tough it had been subject of fluctuation over the years. The decreased of ice extend in the two first time period proves that the ice in the Arctic sea is melting. Scientifically, a material change is state from solid to liquid if it is exposed to an increase of ambient temperature. Another chart from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report shows the global average temperature of -0. 3 degree Celsius in 1850 and 14. 5 degree Celsius in 2000; the global average sea level of -125 millimeters in 1870 and 55 millimeters in 2000. The same chart also shows the decrease of Northern hemisphere snow cover from 37 million of kilometer square in 1925 to 35 million of kilometer square in 2000. These results clearly shows that the world is warmer than before, pole ice is melting, and sea level is going up shrinking at the same time the area of the living ground. Global warming is a reality daily noticeable. After recognizing the existence of global warming, many people believe that human activities are the main cause of the whole situation. According to MacMillan Social Science Library global warming is characterized by the fact that â€Å"certain gases trap heat from the sun in the earths atmosphere through a process known as the greenhouse effect which occurs naturally. † The greenhouse effect is a cyclic process that allows the Earth to stay warm and livable for beings when occurring naturally. It becomes a problem when human activities such as burning of hydrocarbons, use of chemical fertilizers, and decomposition of certain waste material pollute the atmosphere and increased the volume of greenhouse gases. Since the industrialization era started, human had been producing waste, and gases through his factories. The emission of gases is more observable in industrialized countries. Gases liberated in the atmosphere by the industries participate in the greenhouse gases scenario. The most known greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and water vapor. The carbon dioxide is known as a gas that absorbs infrared radiation. An increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to more energy absorption and accompany with an increase in planet’s temperature. According to the article â€Å"How Global Warming†, The World Watch Institute affirms that the world carbon dioxide emissions have increased from 1 billion tons in 1900 to 7 billion tons in 1995. The result of that is the increase of the Earth temperature from 14. 5 degrees Celsius in 1860 to 15. 3 degrees Celsius in 1985. Nitrous oxide produces by fertilizers and methane gas result of waste decomposition have the same energy absorbing quality as the carbon dioxide. Although humans don’t produce a huge amount of nitrous oxide, methane gas is abundantly produced on Earth. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in a chart in page 15 of the report presents the increased of the methane emissions from 750 ppb in 1900 to 1750 ppb in 2000 (â€Å"Climate Change 2007†). These indicators significantly accredit the fact that mankind activities gravely impact the global warming effect. Some people don’t believe that global warming is real. The skeptics of global warming say that the increase of the world temperature as an argument in favor of pro global warming is a fallacy, because global warming is a natural phenomenon. So, global warming is not an environmental problem. The fact that scientists don’t have a consensus on global warming issue entertains the polemic. â€Å"The IPCC report is not evidence of a scientific consensus on global warming† (â€Å"Global Warming is Not a Serious Threat†). The Heartland Institute a con global warming organization says that â€Å"NASA released a study in October 2007 demonstrating that the recent decline in Arctic sea ice is due to unusual localized wind patterns rather than global warming † (Taylor). It means that the predictions and results on the gravity of global warming are not true because an official report of the NASA contradicts former assertion. Heartland Institute even affirms that â€Å"The December 2005 issue of Journal of Glaciology reports that the Greenland ice sheet is growing rather than shrinking† (Taylor). For con global warming, the topic is still a theory; it is not a fact yet because scientific research shows the contradiction on the subject. Global warming is not caused by human activities. Environmentalists have exaggerated the dangers of fossil fuels use predicting the â€Å"apocalypse. † Global warming advocates utilize the topic for political reasons. In the United Kingdom, Al Gore â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† is banned from school projection without disclaimer because of misleading and factual errors contain in the film. The British High Court believes that the film is too partisan and political. Jonathan Adler in False Apocalypse says that â€Å"William Gray of Colorado State University, one of the foremost hurricane experts in the world, insists that any increase in hurricane activity during the last few years is the result of natural variability, not human-induced climate change. † Those who believe that hurricanes are the result of global warming can learn that human activities have nothing to do with what happened in New Orleans, in Florida or in Texas. Natural disasters occurring in these days are not related to global warming; instead, they are inexplicable and remain a mystery since their causes are natural. Most of the scientific predictive effects of global warming did not occur. For instance, in 1995, Robert Shope, a virologist and director of Yale University Arbovirus Research Unit predicted an epidemical spread of yellow fever and cholera in North America due to temperature risings (Taubes). This disaster never happened even though the world temperature has risen. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reveals that human activities are the cause of an excessive amount of greenhouse gases release in the atmosphere; instead, Sallie Baliunas and Willie Soon, researchers from the George C. Marshall Institute say that â€Å"Most of the warming of the last 100 years has natural causes as its explanation. ` This is another board of researchers which confirms that the heating of the blue planet is not due to human activities, but by natural phenomena. President Bill Clinton says, â€Å"The overwhelming balance of evidence and scientific opinion is that it is no longer a theory but now a fact that global warming is for real. ` Base on different arguments from pro and con global warming â€Å"theory†, one can understand that pro global warming arguments weigh than con’s opinions. The fact that global warming skeptics acknowledge the existence of global warming is an important sign of the reality of the problem. Their arguments to prove that global warming does not exist are not convincing, and moreover they are based on refutation of pro global warming ideas. Global warming advocates clearly explain the correlation between the Earth’s temperature increase and human being actions. Before the industrial era, the world was less polluted than it is now. Emission of gases and decomposition of waste gravely pollute the atmosphere. The result of it is hotter summers, lesser snow in winters, and sometimes unpredictable weather especially here in the Metropolitan Area. Furthermore, car engine emission and inspection procedures have been put in place in order to reduce pollution which indicates that the government is aware of the fact that global warming is caused by human activities. The green seal logo is now given to business organizations that respect and practice waste recycling. This demarche shows the overwhelming concern for human’s survival in a planet in danger. Global warming is real for global warming advocates, and it is a misleading notion for con global warming advocates. Arguments from both sides of the aisle lead to a convincing opinion from global warming advocates. The world is confronted to a major menace called global warming; it is a global warning for humanity to consider the danger of the phenomenon and to get ready to fight it by reducing our waste, recycling in a daily basis, and to come up with an appropriate energy consuming policy that will help to keep our world safer and livable for future generations.

Microbiology Research Paper

Microbiology Research Paper Food borne Incident Relating to Escherichia coli Efficient and effective supervision of contamination of food and inspection of food borne diseases in UK needs a harmonized multidisciplinary method with fervent contribution of stakeholders from every aspect of the society together with the public health quarter. To make easy communication and organization of this process, a coordinating body is required to be instituted with strong contribution of applicable stakeholders. However, appropriate observation data from every stage in the food manufacture chain including the supervision of human disease must be constantly collected and examined to assess trends and causal source of food borne disease (FBD). The incidence of the food borne disease in UK requires health organizations and Health departments in UK of a dedicated multidisciplinary inspection unit that involves the microbiological and epidemiological proficiency from every sector will assist and enhance the success of consistent data analysis and criticism. The main purpose of this supervision is to enhance the management and control of food borne disease outbreak and provide a management framework for professionals that will help them control further spread of the disease. Ingestion of microbial contaminated foods is very harmful; outbreak management team should be vigilant in dealing with an outbreak especially the type that concern food borne. Rees G and Pond (1995) explained that medical and nursing staffs are required to use the aide-memoir made available for checking health implications and functions. In addition, the essence of this paper is reflected in the roles and responsibilities of public bodies involved in maintaining health care services and public health. Controlling and managing FBD outbreak is critical to ensure that: the minimum number of primary cases of infected people is reduced. This can be achieved through prompt reporting and response to infected foods; the number of secondary cases of infected individual is reduced through proper identification of FBD infected persons and taking appropriate measures to prevent further spread of the disease; causal organisms and continuous hazards are eliminated or minimize the risk of infection; Food Borne Disease (FBD) Outbreak Definition Pathogenic microbes normally penetrate food chain at any position from livestock through on-site production, feed, parking plant, or at slaughterhouses in the UK (Hald et al, 2004). In addition, this bacteria enter food chain during food retailing, processing, manufacturing, as well as via food preparation and catering. However, since several potential routes for spreading pathogens during production, remote actions such as sanitization of animal feed is normally performed to guarantee consumer protection. To effectively control and manage the crisis of food-borne disease, certain procedures should be well thought-out at the various levels of production. This requires a harmonized inspection and response attempt from every key stakeholder responsible for food safety. Food industries are accountable for the quality and the security measures of the food they produce for consumers, together with relevant stakeholder in food safety. Production may be supervised through process control pr ograms, certification programs, or HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) based control programs (Noordhuizen and Dufour 2007). These control functions create data that comprises of significant input to national supervision programs. In addition, in an epidemic analysis, extra sampling is normally required to investigate human infection rate to the extent of infectivity in the food manufacture chain. Close teamwork between the public and private sector is very critical in this aspect. Disease Reporting as a Good Management and Control Practice To effectively manage and control food safety, it is very important for health departments in the UK to have adequate information on the existing situation and development as it concerns the infection and spread of FBD outbreak in the food manufacture chain. This information requires frequent update so that proper responses can be organized. Activities involved in such a system are gathered under the inspection and supervisory terms (Ressom et al, 2004). Inspection involves the presentation and investigation of regular practices aimed at identifying changes in the surroundings or health position of populations. While supervision involves the continuing methodical collection, analysis, collation, and interpretation of data with the distribution of information to every department involved to enable the implementation of directed actions (Schwimmer and Schwimmer 2009). Supervision refers to a particular addition of monitoring where collected information is developed and decisions are ta ken concerning standards and values associated to disease condition. The major aims of supervision include examining trends in prevalent disease, outbreak discovery, analyzing program performance, assessing interventions, and evaluating progress towards a programmed control purpose (Wegener et al, 2003). However, supervision is not just a practical evaluation of the present situation, but a foundation for providing qualified reaction to producers, indicating effective control factors during production, tracing back contaminated food to its source, and initiating planned action. In addition, different levels of concentration and management in supervision systems. Supervision can be disjointed or incorporated, universal or sentinel, dynamic or reactive permanent or irregular, in most cases, the strength of supervision is an invention of social impact, convenient access to epidemiological information, as well as financial parameters. Identification of Causative Organism of Foodborne Disease (FBD) From laboratory tests, various microorganisms cause food borne disease (FBD). The bacteria called S. Enteritidis cause the salmonenela infections, and it is considered the major cause of the food borne disease (FBD). The S. Typhimurium is considered to be the most dreaded bacteria that infect people with food borne disease (FBD). According to Rees G and Pond (1995) reported that, S. Typhimurium and other salmonella species are major causes of food borne disease. The Campylobacter group in recent times has become the most frequently identified cause of the gastroenteritis. The ability to identify the source and cause of the outbreak depends on the causal organism. The Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which is a major public health significance, is the focus of this research paper. This can be contacted from contaminated drinking water, and contaminated swimming pools. Outbreak Identification of Food Borne Disease (FBD) Waterborne disease (FBD) outbreak could be identified or diagnosed through laboratory service, testing, collection of manufactured food: Laboratory diagnosis; FBD outbreaks can be confirmed through laboratory testing and confirming the particular causal organism responsible for the outbreak by health laboratories in the UK. Detecting the causal organism clinically from manufactured food or infected persons with similar symptoms. Performing tests, tests are performed through public health laboratories (PHL), industrial manufactured food including infected patients with food borne disease outbreak symptoms. These tests are performed to test for food borne bacteria such as S. Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and other parasitic agents that causes food borne infection. Most commercial laboratories test for bacteria that produce toxins such as E.coli. There is always a repeated testing performed in cases of serious food borne disease outbreaks. Specimen collection; in cases of food borne disease outbreaks, samples of manufactured food are normally collected and delivered to public health laboratories for testing. Protocols regarding the proper collection of these samples must be strictly observed. In most cases, consultation with the necessary Ecology Department in the UK is an essential step for proper rules on sample collections. Information based on sample labeling food samples, kits for sample collection, and proper handling of samples are available with this department. The Zoonosis centre; where periodic meetings are organized to check the prevalence of the organism in humans and management programs on food-borne disease outbreak and corresponded to appropriate stakeholders. FBD Outbreak Management Team Food borne disease outbreak is the responsibility of doctors, public health authorities, as well as recreational facilities heads and swimming pools that involve in the management and control of this outbreak. Local health authorities; public health authorities in the UK play critical role in managing food borne disease (FBD). They are normally responsible for treating infected people as well as giving infected and non-infected people good health tips that will manage and control the FBD outbreak. Managers of recreational and public facilities; they are charged with the responsibility of reporting infected and contaminated food and the number of people infected through their facilities to appropriate heads in the UK. Authorities of public recreational areas; responsible for reporting infected outbreaks of FBD and suspected infected persons. Doctors and laboratory personnel; these set of people help perform test, treatment and provide measures that will prevent further spread of the FBD outbreak. Government officials and legislative heads; the UK government will help make laws that restrain infected public places and sharing ingested food materials. Food Borne Disease (FBD) Management Functions/Responsibilities The integration of supervision activities is aimed at promoting optimization and cost effectively managing, utilizing, and inspection of data. The major roles and responsibilities is to optimize the understanding of the supervision system that prevent further spread of the FBD outbreak. Some of these roles and responsibilities include: well-outlined activities and information of infected individuals; food borne disease outbreak management and control worksheet can help in collecting necessary information required for effective control management. They include; Demographics, including address, name, age, telephone number, sex, and other relevant factors such as residence, occupation, ward, classroom, cell block and so forth;symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, fever, jaundice, respiratory irritation, hospitalization status and medical care received, and systemic illness (Ruoff, 1990);time and date of symptom occurrence and for how long symptom lasted;food consumption history for a period of at least 72 hours before illness occurred. Food consumption history, shared meals for a period of at least 72 hours before illness began is also necessary information. This is necessary because some causal agents have longer incubation periods, necessitating the information regarding longer period of food history;travel including food consumption, locations, and recreational exposures;addresses, names, phone numbers, and other information that will assist in locating anybody who might be involved in the outbreak including sick people, hea lthy people, and organizers of group activities; Identifying additional cases, if indicated, such methods like calling other potentially exposed individuals, sending provider alerts, releasing a media alert, and requesting specimens from laboratories. Confirming the existence of an outbreak, local health jurisdictions must ensure that several relevant questions concerning management and control measures. Develop an environmental field management and control based on the epidemiologic case data: here the objective of the combined environmental and epidemiologic outbreak management and control measures is to identify the causal organism, the food source, mode of transmission, and the source of contamination. This will also consider the possible infectious agent based on symptoms and incubation period. Possible modes of transmission for that particular agent to focus on the exact environmental management and control procedure or method. Implementing immediate, appropriate mismanagement and control measures based on the possible FBD causal organism. Consider testing for the presence of the disease with an epidemiologic study (cohort or case control). Managing and controlling further spread: patients with abdominal cramps should be restricted from sharing and eating contaminated foods. Infected persons should be well instructed and advice on effective and proper hand washing and proper food handling practices and preservation methods (Lewis, 2002). More particularly, follow-up of issues and causes of these infections. Remarks and Recommendations The identification of transformation of food borne diseases (FBD) prototypes and differences in the infection of food production chain are an unconditional requirement for the effective management and control, together with constant improvement in the safety and quality of food. These processes helps in preventing further spread of the disease and it is cost proficient. Managing and controlling food borne disease (FBD) supervision at various public level provides a comprehensive and appropriate synopsis of the public and veterinary health position of the society. The incorporation of food borne disease (FBD) outbreaks investigation is aimed at colleting all activities responsible to perform many functions via related process, structures, and personnel. The framework of a conventional supervision program in a particular aspect may serve the same structural purpose for intensifying other inspection activities. It is however recommended that, both infected and non-infected persons shoul d follow certain practices to prevent further spread of the disease. These processes include: Avoid eating contaminated food. Only food tested and recommended by appropriate food control agencies and veterinary authorities should be consumes. People should observe appropriate food handling practices to avoid outbreak re-occurrence. Waterborne Disease (WBD) Outbreak Relating to Cyanobacteria Toxins Waterborne Outbreak Definition A waterborne disease (WBD) outbreak is an occurrence whereby several epidemiologically connected persons experience the same illness after exposure to the same source of water and the epidemiological evidence identifies the water as the possible cause of the illness. This occurrence happened in Washington, United States were most population was affected. However, the implicated water in a waterborne disease (WBD) outbreak could possibly be recreational water, drinking water, water meant for agricultural purposes, as well as unknown water. The path of this water can be through ingestion, intranasal, inhalation, or contact. Chemicals, microbes, or toxins could be the agent connected to the water borne disease (WBD) outbreak. Normally, water is tested to determine the contamination level and identify the etiologic agent. Disease Reporting as a Good Management and Control Practice A. Purpose of reporting and surveillance: reporting suspicious or symptoms of disease is one good way of managing and controlling the WBD, these purposes include: to prevent transmission from one infected person to the other; to identify and correct sources of exposure for waterborne disease (WBD) outbreaks; to prevent further exposures to infected water and avoid spreading infections; to expand existing comprehension of the mode of transmission of these disease, causal agent, and the effect on the community of the infections by the identified WBD causal agent (Herceg et al, 2006); to identify new WBD causal hazards, agents, and issues in the water safety system; B. Legal reporting requirements for effective outbreak management and control. Legal jurisdictions will assist and help control WBD outbreak especially when it involves the public. Infections should be reported to Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE). These rules require that certain heads of health care, public recreational parks, and pools warn immediately and appropriately the public to prevent further spread of the infection. These include health care providers; WBD outbreak should be appropriately reported to local health care authorities, this will help manage and control further infection; hospitals; outbreaks should be immediately and promptly reported to local head authorities for effective management and control (Keene et al, 2006); laboratories; tests indicating suspicious causal agent should be reported to CDE and health centers for effective management and control; local health authorities; outbreaks should be promptly reported to (DOH) for public media notification of the public. This will help manage and control infection to a great extent; Identification of Causative Organism of WBD Outbreak The causal organism of waterborne disease (WBD) outbreaks ranges from bacterial such as Shigella, also known as shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, cholera, typhoid, and other Vibro species that causes gastrointestinal symptoms. The Virus group includes hepatitis A virus and norovirus (Lane and Baker, 2003). The poliovirus causes gastrointestinal symptoms. The parasites group includes Cryptosporidium and Giardia causing gastrointestinal symptoms, invasive amoeba such as Naeglaria that causes meningitis, Schistosoma that causes schistosomiasis. The noninfectious agents, which is the major point of study includes cynobacteria (blue green algae) toxins, nitrates, copper, and other different chemicals that contaminates water. In most cases, the symptoms depend on the causal agent. Waterborne disease (WBD) causal organism may also cause gastrointestinal, less commonly respiratory, or systemic or skin infection. Symptoms of this illness or infection may include vomiti ng, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, irritated eyes, hives, sore throat, rashes, systemic illness, pneumonia (Lewis et al, 2002). However, the causal organism of waterborne disease discussed in this research is the Cyanobacterial toxins. WBD Outbreak Identification Waterborne disease (WBD) outbreak could be identified or diagnosed through laboratory service, testing, collection of specimen. Laboratory diagnosis; WBD outbreaks can be confirmed through laboratory diagnosis and confirming the particular etiologic agent in an outbreak. This should be reported to the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE). Performing tests, tests are performed through public health laboratories (PHL), clinical specimens from patients with waterborne disease outbreak symptoms. These tests are performed to test for waterborne bacteria, norovirus, and parasitic agents to confirm any of these causal agents. Most commercial laboratories test for bacterias that produce toxins such as E.coli and hepatitis A (Ruoff, 1990). There is always a repeated testing performed in cases of serious waterborne disease outbreaks. Specimen collection; in cases of waterborne disease outbreaks, sample specimens are normally collected and delivered to public health laboratories for testing. Protocols regarding the proper collection of these samples must be strictly observed (van den Hoek et al, 1995). In most cases, consultation with the necessary Ecology Department is a necessary for proper rules on sample collections. Information based on sample labeling, kits for sample collection, and proper handling of samples are available with this department. In recent years, the United States health Department on Communicable Diseases received reports of WBD outbreaks that involved hundreds of infected people. According to Hathaway (2005), the department took the case up, performed several surveillance, and discovered that it was the cyanobacteria toxin, which was the major cause of this WBD outbreak. Sources of this infection were drinking water, recreational and public lakes, swimming pools and other public recreational areas. This organism was transferred from one person to another through ingestion of this water, eating infected animals, and unauthorized access to restricted areas. WBD Outbreak Management Team Management team responsible for the effective control and prevention of further spread of the WBD outbreak included; Local health authorities: Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE) constitute the management and control team. Public health workers; responsible for treating infected people as well as giving infected and non-infected people good health tips that will manage and control the outbreak. Managers of recreational and public facilities; these people are responsible for reporting infected water and the number of people infected through their facilities to appropriate heads (Kvenberg et al, 1995). Authorities of public lakes and swimming pools; responsible for reporting infected outbreaks and suspected infected persons. Doctors and laboratory personnel; these set f people help perform test, treatment and provide measures that will prevent further spread of the outbreak. Government officials and legislative heads; these people help make laws that restrain infected public places. Outbreak Management Functions Waterborne disease (WBD) outbreaks can be identified through notifying conditions reporting, isolation of bacterial sub-typing as well as molecular analysis in the laboratory. The Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE) and other management team ensure that this WBD outbreak is managed effectively to avoid further spread of the outbreak. Other methods of detecting the WBD outbreaks include syndrome surveillance systems, and consumer complaints. In most cases, investigation depends on the causal sources: building water system, drinking water, natural water, treated recreational water, and so forth. Outbreak management normally involves the following steps: 1. Detail activities and information of affected individuals; waterborne disease management and control worksheet can help in collecting necessary information required for effective control management. They include; Demographics, including address, name, age, telephone number, sex, and other relevant factors such as residence, occupation, ward, classroom, cell block and so forth (Henessey et al, 1996); symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, muscle ache, jaundice, rashes, respiratory irritation, hospitalization status and medical care received, and systemic illness; time and date of symptom occurrence and for how long symptom lasted; water consumption history and common activities for a period of at least 72 hours before illness occurred. Food and drink consumption history, shared meals for a period of at least 72 hours before illness began is also necessary information. This is necessary because some causal agents have longer incubation periods, necessitating the information regarding longer period of food history (Herceg et al, 2006); travel including water consumption, locations, and recreational water exposures. Pertinent details for travel including cruise ships or motels name, dates, and room. Information on the use of pools, hot tubs, spas, as well as other water recreational sites; addresses, names, phone numbers, and other information that will assist in locating anybody who might be involved in the outbreak including sick people, healthy people, and organizers of group activities; 2. Identifying additional cases, if indicated, such methods like calling other potentially exposed individuals, sending provider alerts, releasing a media alert, and requesting specimens from laboratories. 3. Confirming the existence of an outbreak, local health jurisdictions must ensure that several relevant questions concerning management and control measures are asked. Questions such as: Are there people from various households with similar illness due to exposure to the same water or recreational facilities? Are illness symptoms and signs together with the incubation period and duration of symptom consistent with an illness because of reported exposure? Is every illness consistent and similar to a WBD causal agent? Is the number of illnesses more than what is expected in this group of people and in the entire population? Are there reports of possibly related problems from similar sources? Are there common exposures such as personal or occupational contact or food, apart from water that could explain transmission? Does certain demographic information such as ethnicity, age and so forth, indicate a common source? 4. Develop a hypothesis about the Causal Agent of the disease and suggest appropriate clinical laboratory testing if indicated. This will include: referring affected individuals for appropriate medical testing and evaluation if symptoms are severe, and if bloody diarrhea is reported, or if the person is vulnerable to complications due to age or disability; collect fresh specimens for laboratory testing as soon as possible after the diseases is noticed; collect samples from many people as possible. The criteria for confirming an outbreak is caused by a particular organism, and suggest whether infected persons should be isolated from the unaffected population; 5. Develop an environmental field management and control based on the epidemiologic case data: Here the objective of the combined environmental and epidemiologic outbreak management and control measures is to identify the causal and infecting agents, the water source, mode of transmission, and the source of contamination. This will also consider the possible infectious agent based on symptoms and incubation period. Possible modes of transmission for that particular agent to focus on the exact environmental management and control procedure or method (Guzewich and Morse, 2008). Apart from identifying the infectious causes of this particular disease, certain information are also important such as: Possible normal situations or practices just before the outbreak started that could possibly contaminate the water, possible power outages, other equipment failure, as well as water back-ups. if there is any unusual weather issues just before the outbreak due to heavy rains, and floods. Were there any water reaction staff ill during the incubation period of the suspect WBD agent, when did they get ill, which water sources they worked with? Do all the staff involved with water source have body contact with the water or ingest the water they worked with? 6. Implementing immediate, appropriate mismanagement and control measures based on the possible WBD source. Kvenberg et al (1995) said that, this usually depends on the circumstances to initiate immediate management and control measures such as posting warnings at lakes, boiling of water order, recalling a commercial product like bottled water, closing a facility, or issuing a press release to warn and restrain citizens who may from contacting the disease. 7. Consider testing for the presence of the disease with an epidemiologic study (cohort or case control). This control and management approach is critical as it does the following: Determine the initial interviews and the amount of infected persons will support the idea of epidemiologic study that compares various groups made up of infected people and non-infected individuals. Get a complete list of possible people that may likely share exposure. This list can be gotten from an event organizer or a reserved list meant for that purpose. Obtain necessary information about particular water source. Develop questionnaire to many people include infected persons, and non-infected persons as soon as possible after the case report (McCall et al, 1996). One very important thing to remember here is that, people’s memories become less reliable after some time. after finalizing a case definition, the data should be analyzed to obtain certain information that include: (a) demographic profile; the amount of cases by age group and sex; (b) symptom profile; the percentage of cases that have vomiting, bloody diarrhea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, respiratory symptoms, jaundice, other symptoms, and rashes; (c) epidemic curve; determines the number of cases by time of the begging of the infection or symptoms; (d) event attack rate; the number of cases divided by the total people exposed. Event attack rate can only be calculated if the total number of attendants is known; (e) median incubation period; the total time taken for 50% of the infected people to the WBD causal agent. The men incubation period can only be calculated if the time of exposure is known; (f) water specific attack rate; the percentage of people infected with specific exposure; (g) relative risk; the percentage of people infected with the source after a particular exposure; 8. Managing and controlling further spread: patients with diarrhea should be restricted from swimming in public areas. Infected persons should be well instructed and advice on effective and proper hand washing and proper food handling practices. More particularly, follow-up of issues and causes of these infections. Recommendations and Practices Certain preventive guidelines for infected and non-infected persons for preventing and managing further infections of the disease. These guidelines should include: Appropriate use of safe drinking water sources as well as water for recreation purposes. If the source of any water cannot be ascertained, boil the water should before use. The water should be chemically treated before used for drinking, rinsing uncooked foods, or brushing of teeth. Wash hands after and before eating, using the toilet, or changing a childs diapers. During an outbreak, some jurisdictions restrict children with diapers from recreation facilities. In most cases, a more restrained and aggressive media is used to achieve this purpose through campaigns by pool and local park managers, day care institutions, as well as other normal areas of public work. This will help reduce and effectively manage and control the infection (Lippy and Erb, 2006). Children vomiting and infected with diarrhea should avoid public places and recreational areas to as a way of controlling this infection.

Impact of terrorism on Italian economy

Impact of terrorism on Italian economy Introduction Background Information Terrorism has become a global phenomenon. This has been boosted by the hard economic times that have been witnessed in the world. Various studies have been conducted, and they indicate that terrorism has had on a number of developing countries. The same can be said about the US and UK. However, there is little literature on the impact terrorism has had on other developed countries especially in Europe. Italy is a developed country in southern Europe. The country has borne the blunt of terrorism in the last two decades.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of terrorism on Italian economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thesis statement This paper seeks to find out the impact that terrorism has had on the economy of Italy, a developed country. Terrorism has had on the economy of Italy In the 17th century, Italy had been undergoing a recession and Spain had taken advantage of its weakness to rule most of Southern Italy. Towards the end of the 17th century, Spain had declined in terms of political and military power. The Italians in Southern Italy had tried to rebel in the 17th century. However, their rebellion had often been quelled. It was not until the beginning of the 18th century, particularly in 1713, when Spanish succession came to an end after they lost the war of Spanish Succession (1700-1713) to Austria which then took the part of Spain in dominating Southern Italy. In 1734, Spain would regain Naples from Austria. There was a lot of progress in the 18th century, and church powers were reduced. The Italian rulers also implemented major reforms in the country. In 1796, Napoleon successfully invaded Italy. The Napoleon conquered the Naples in the year 1798. However, Napoleon proceeded to win at Marengo. On the other hand, Piedmont was taken in as part of France. The Cisalpine Republic, was given a different name, the Italian Republic. When the Napoleon was defeated, the old regime was recaptured. This happened in 1815. Most of the old kingdoms were reinstated in the 19th century. However, Venice and Genoa remained without reinstatement. This era was marked by a high level of restlessness and discontent. Carbonari organized rebellion in Naples. In addition, there was another rebellion that was instigated by the same group in 1821. The rebellions were both unsuccessful as the Austrians were able to quell these rebellions. One Italian nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini was a key figure who championed for a united Italy. After leading an unsuccessful rebellion in 1831, he had to flee to France and later to Britain but continued to agitate for Italian nationalism. The year 1848 was marked by a number of revolutions in Europe (Duggan, 2006). Palermo was the first, Naples and Venice followed soon and succeeded in restoring its status as a republic.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Pope had been prevailed upon to rescue the Italians. Nevertheless, the Pope did not intend to fight the Austrians. Naples’ King staged a coup. He was supported by the Swiss mercenaries. Later on, the Pope was forced to flee his home after a coup that made Rome a republic albeit short lived since the French soon restored the Pope. Creating unity in Italy started in 1852. This is the time when Camillo Cavour was stated to be captured by the Prime Minister of Piedmont. Camillo joined the French and British people to fight Rusia in 1855. None of the countries wanted the unity of Italy. In 1860, a unified Italy was established. This happened when King Victor Emmanuel established a treaty with Garibaldi. The latter yielded to pressure and gave all his powers to the King. Italy had been on the same side with Germany and Japan. The three countries had all lost terribly to the allies. The reconstruction of Italy started in 1946. This was the year when Italy had a referendum to create a republic. Later, the elections for the assembly were held and soon the first president became Luigi Einaudi in 1948. Italy stood to benefit from the Marshall Aid from the USA (Ferraresi, 1996). The industries were soon flourishing, and the standards of living continued to increase. The growth continued until the late sixties when university students showed unrest. This was followed by labor unrest. This perhaps forms the first incidents of modern day terrorism in Italy. Failed university systems radicalized the students, and this was fuelled by the failure of the then governments to deliver to a section of the citizenry. The centre of these radical movements was the perception that communists had given upon the ideals on which communism was founded. The citizens were losing confidence in the Italian government to preserve these ideals. Some Italian students even saw the cooperation between their communi st leaders and Christian Democratic representatives as a sign of contempt for the working class. Further, there was easing of tensions between the west and the communists in the east. This led to the adoption of hybrid business philosophies that were both borrowed from the capitalists and communists. However, the capitalist policies were highly loathed by the working class as they saw this as the cause of the disparities that were emerging in the Italian societies. The western philosophies allowed companies to adopt the technology that was quickly replacing the workforce. These tensions between workers and their unions coupled with the disgruntled university students soon give birth to a number of leftist and terrorist organizations. The most notorious would emerge the Red Brigade. It is largely acknowledged as the most dominant and ruthless terrorist organizations the country had ever had.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of terrorism on Ita lian economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Red Brigade was formed in 1970 by a group of university students. It had emerged from the late 1960s’ protests by workers and students where they had joined workers in demonstrating against the right wing political leaders. They initially operated in the major cities within Italy such as Milan and Turin. They would target factories which were viewed as the breeding grounds for social disparities (Willan, 1991). Its leaders advocated for the formation of a revolutionary state by use of armed struggle so as to separate the Italian government and the western elements. As a result of the group’s hatred for the manner in which union leaders were treating workers coupled with the refusal by the government to solve salient social and economic issues, many of the early ideological targets of the group’s leadership involved attacking the establishment which included trade Unionist s, politicians, and business owners. In 1971, the group enthusiasm led to a change in the change of internal terrorism procedures from a tactical point of view to a more strategic approach. Members had previously participated in the destruction of vehicles belonging to union officials and factory equipment. The new strategy involved broader attacks on buildings and offices. They later started engaging in human targeting when during the year 1972, the group claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of a foreman. The group was fast becoming the most stubborn terrorist group in Italy. The organization was fast growing, and it soon established an organizational command similar to that of a military force. It had the executive committee, which was the headquarters as it was in charge of ensuring the smooth running of the organization’s activities. The field unit structure composed of sections the urban regions. This was aimed at breaking down the command unit along the regional bo undaries. The Italian government was unable to stop the organization, which boosted its growth. Notably, many believed that the Italian government was on its way to collapse. The incident finally puts this organization on the focus of the country. After the abduction of the Prime Minister, the group had sought for 55 days to dialogue with the government to release sixteen of its members. Unfortunately, the government and the Christian Democrats did not yield.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the death of the then Prime Minister, the government engaged in a war to capture the leaders and silence the organization. The group ceased to exist in the early 80s. In the early 1980s, Italy experienced a recession. This is an aspect that affected other countries in the world too. However, the recession did not last long as it came to an end in 1983 which continued to the end of the Cold War. In 1984, a new terrorist organization emerged. The new group did not use kidnapping though it continued with assassinations and terrorist bombs. The new red brigade movement survived even after the Cold War (Carbone, 2011). However, the group was not very active, but they continued to carry out attacks against government figures. The movement later extended its opposition to the Italian policy on foreign relations. In this case, there was a believe that the government of Italy was being manipulated by the western powers. After the 9/11 terror attacks, the group commended the attackers, an act that would increase the focus the Americans had on the group. BR/Pcc, in 1999, attacked and some people in the group slew an officer who worked in the ministry of labor. The Institute for International Affairs in Rome was bombed by the BR/Pcc in the year 2001. Fortunately, there were no deaths reported in that bomb attack. With the rise and growth of the terror group reminiscent the earlier Red Army Brigade, the Italian government embarked on an exercise to eliminate the group. The new strategies used by the government included extensive use of the media, and an increase in the source payments. This new tact enabled the government to separate the extremists from the general public and for the police authorities to infiltrate the terror group easily. The police could identify members of the terror group, map the networks, and then establish measures to prevent future attacks. This was by arresting all known members and sympathizers of the group. These efforts began to pay as s oon as the government arrested various members of the group. In addition, other individuals who were in the former movement and had been implicated in the assassination of Prime Minister Aldo Moro were arrested too. These groups rose to the top of the terrorists’ food chain in Italy. From sabotaging economic activities and causing political anxiety, these groups continued to be a hindrance to the growth of the Italian economy. The fact that these terror groups targeted factories and offices essentially mean that any success in their activities meant there would be a breakdown in the economic growth of the economy. However, even as the country was able to finish these terror groups, a new form of terror had emerged. With the increase of these activities, the economy has suffered immensely. Firstly, terrorism has an effect on GDP per capita growth. This is especially the case where the rate of terrorism is great. It also means that the capital formation to GDP is affected by a rise in the rate of terror activities. Terrorism affects the performance of an economy. It has been found that terror activities will most likely happen in a democratic country that enjoys high income. Italy is such a country, and this explains the rise in terror activities from international terrorists. Countries with developed institutions will even suffer severe consequences from a terror attack. Political instability is also a huge negative in the economic situation within a country. Terror attacks will likely lead to political instability. Take the example of Italy after the assassination of the then Prime Minister. The incident caused instability in the country’s political arena and economic growth stopped as investors did not know what to expect in the future. It is important to note that modern day Italian economy is very much reliant on tourism, education, and banking. For the tourism industry, terror completely eclipses any tourism activities in a country. Further t o the economic misfortunes that bedevil, Italy, the country joined the European Union in 1999. That decision seems to have been disastrous as that has led to unimaginable levels of unemployment (Bindi, Scuola superiore Della pubblica amministrazione (Italy), Brookings Institution 2011). The country’s northern region remains very industrialized while the south drags on with poverty. Italy has a current population of 61 million people. Conclusion Summarize/Review key points As Italy faces the Euro crisis, most analysts are skeptical about what the future portends for the country. The Euro crisis is one of several other crises that are likely to face Italy if the companies in Italy refuse to act together. As discussed earlier, Italy faces a major problem in that the south and the northern regions continue to operate in very different economic environments. While the north has innovative and robust companies that continue to grow and employ more Italians, the south has smaller g overnment and family companies which operate in a domestic market that is not competitive. Production in this region continues to go down over the years. A balance of the two economies essentially means Italy is undergoing no growth as it moves into the future. As such, Italy’s future is bleak. Concluding thought Compared to Germany, the Italian economy has fallen behind by thirty percent. The industrial production in Italy continues to go down- 25 per cent since the start of the 2008 recession. However, given the change in the political leadership it remains to be seen what the future of Italy is going to be. Therefore, the leaders should improve all the sectors of the country. References Bindi, F. M., Scuola superiore della pubblica amministrazione (Italy), Brookings Institution. (2011). Italy and the European Union. Rome: Scuola Superiore della Pubblica Amministrazione (SSPA). Carbone, M. (2011). Italy in the post-Cold War order: Adaptation, bipartisanship, visibility. La nham, Md: Lexington Books. Duggan, C. (2006). A concise history of Italy. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press. Ferraresi, F. (1996). Threats to democracy: The radical right in Italy after the war. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. Willan, P. (1991). Puppetmasters: The political use of terrorism in Italy. San Jose: Authors Choice Press.

'Corrective and distributive justice are less at odds, in directing Essay

'Corrective and distributive justice are less at odds, in directing the scope of tort liability, than is commonly believed'. Cri - Essay Example Tort law, however, does not recognize just any injury as a basis of claim in tort. It distinguishes between two general classes of duties that include duties not to injure and duties not to injure intentionally or negligently. Individuals who engage in activities that are regarded to be dangerous by the law will be subjected to duties of the first sort. When people engage in activities of ordinary riskiness such as driving, they will be subjected to duties of the second sort (Jules and Mendlow, 11 2010). Tort law is torn between two competing justices. Some theorists believe that justice in tort is a matter of corrective justice. This is concerned exclusively with rectification of losses that have been caused due to negligence. Other theorists dispute this and they challenge this belief. They believe that tort law is a matter of distributive justice which deals with fair apportionment of benefits and losses of risky activities. Distributive justice plays a huge role in tort laws as i t offers an explanation to existence of strict liability in tort law. Corrective and distributive justices are applied in directing the scope of liability. The fundamental difference between corrective and distributive justice relates to the legal approach to structure of interactions. Corrective justice focuses on transaction between two parties while distributive justice focuses on distribution where compensation will be awarded to group members (Park, 40 2000). For example, a case of personal injury can be organized either correctively or distributively. When the case is organized correctively, an injury is a tort committed by a party to a victim. Compensation of damages to the victim will restore the equality disturbed by the negligence of the guilty party. Distributively, this same case will activate a compensation scheme that distributes resources among a group of recipients and contributors according to the criteria of distribution. A corrective justice system focuses on corr ecting wrongful acts of an accused party. The tort of negligence has developed a legal notion of wrongful act for the main aim of establishing liability. Fault based liability is, however, limited to confines of rigid test of duty of care, foresee ability and proximity. Corrective Justice versus Distributive Justice Some theorists do not really believe that corrective justice is an independent principle of tort law. This is because considerations which make corrective justice appear as a genuine principle are the same principles that undermine its independence from distributive justice. Also considerations that support corrective justice’s independence from distributive justice still undermine its status as an independent and genuine principle of tort law. These considerations arise from the fact that corrective justice needs reversal of negligent acts to an initial distribution of resources. If initial distribution of resources is just, then corrective justice requires that individuals are returned to a position where they are entitled as a matter of distributive justice. This, therefore, shows that corrective justice is indeed distributive justice but from an ex post perspective instead of being an independent principle of tort law. However, if initial distribution of resources is unjust, then principle of corrective justice will require law makers to sustain, entrench and enforce what is ex hypothesi an injustice. There are ongoing discussions regarding the relationship between corrective just

Business Viability Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Viability Plan - Case Study Example Due to the great demand on the services provided by the organisation, it was decided that a feasibility plan is to be conducted so that it can expand in offering of new services. The services should include the market plan, management plan, operations plan, risk management plan and financial plan. The finding is to be used in decision-making. Dog's dinner incorporation is a non-profit making organisation This Company was established at the end of the year 2004 and it functioned in the provision of non-profession theatre. The organisation has a staff membership of twenty with a basis of non-professional theatre. The company has been successful in the production of several plays. These plays include the four plays and memory water which were produced in 2005 while the production of four plays 2 and Andrew Bovell's play was in 2006.The success were also contributed by the fact that the plays were written by the staff of the company. The business has grown in that it started in the year 2004 and it is currently having twenty employees. It is seen that the business has grown as seen in the accounting records. The total income as per the year 2006 on June, the income was low at 6067 while on 2007 June was 7356.15. Dog's dinner incorporation is an organisation that provides theatre entertainment services such as drama and so it is planning to expand by providing a set of new services. The organisation intends to present high quality production which may be original or non original to the local audience who have an interest in the presentations. It also intends to have a chance of working with the local secondary schools by providing live performance based on literature of the secondary set books and the drama texts. This is of great importance to the secondary school student s that will have a golden chance of viewing live performance and hence break the monotony of reading only textbooks. The company intends to have an edge in competing with other companies by offering services that are going to stimulate them to think and reflect on their lives and society and so this challenge in which it will be offering to their audience will make the organisation to be attractive to many people. Don Daya nada, Richard Irons, Steve Harrison, and John Herbon, PatricioRowland (2002). The free performance by the writers, technicians and performers will lead to their talent being given a forum in presenting quality, original and established work to the public. The free service will enable the performance to be less costly and hence it will attract more people and through this there will be promotion of the business. Dave Hall, Jones, Cano Raffo (1999). To be considered In the plan is the copyright issues in which their presentations are copyrighted and their trade name are presented to the registrar of society to ensure that it is not by any other person or groups. Their trademark should be registered to prevent other companies infringing on their rights and also prevent other groups from using their name in making their presentations. Dave Hall, Jones, Cano Raffo (1999) Planning consideration Planning is the process whereby the future activities are arranged in a chronological order so that they can be implemented. The aim of a plan is to provide a